Youngstown, Ohio
150927
225786793
2008-07-15T11:53:27Z
SoWhy
54890
Reverted edits by [[Special:Contributions/24.239.113.104|24.239.113.104]] to last version by Vpuliva (using [[WP:HG|Huggle]])
{{otherplaces3|Youngstown (disambiguation)}}
{{Geobox|Settlement
<!-- *** Heading *** -->
| name = Youngstown
| category = [[List of cities in Ohio|City]]
<!-- *** Names **** -->
| etymology_type = Named for
| etymology = [[John Young (pioneer)|John Young]]
| official_name = City of Youngstown
| motto =
| nickname =
<!-- *** Image *** -->
| image = Youngstown2 036.jpg
| image_caption = Skyline of downtown Youngstown
<!-- *** Symbols *** -->
| flag =
| symbol_type = Seal
| symbol = City seal.gif
<!-- *** Country *** -->
| country = [[List of countries|Country]]
| country = United States
| country_flag = true
| state_type = [[U. S. state|State]]
| state = Ohio
| state_flag = true
| region = [[Mahoning County, Ohio|Mahoning County]]
| region1 = [[Trumbull County, Ohio|Trumbull County]]
| region_type = [[List of counties in Ohio|Counties]]
<!-- *** Locations *** -->
| elevation_imperial = 850
| prominence_imperial =
| lat_d = 41
| lat_m = 5
| lat_s = 47
| lat_NS = N
| long_d = 80
| long_m = 38
| long_s = 57
| long_EW = W
<!-- *** Dimensions *** -->
| area_imperial = 34.2
| area_land_imperial = 33.9
| area_water_imperial = 0.3
| area_urban_imperial =
| area_metro_imperial =
<!-- *** Population *** -->
| population = 73818
| population_date = 2007
| population_urban = 81520
| population_urban_note = <ref name="city">{{cite web |url=http://www.census.gov/popest/cities/tables/SUB-EST2006-04-39.csv |title=Annual Estimates of the Population for Incorporated Places in Ohio, Listed Alphabetically: April 1, 2000 to July 1, 2006 |accessdate=2007-06-28 |format= |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau }}</ref>
| population_metro = 570704
| population_metro_note = <ref name="metro">{{cite web |url=http://www.census.gov/population/www/estimates/metro_general/2007/CBSA-EST2007-07.csv |title=Table 7. Cumulative Estimates of Population Change for Metropolitan Statistical Areas and Rankings: April 1, 2000 to July 1, 2007 |accessdate=2008-07-10 |format= |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau }}</ref>
| population_density_imperial = 2312.9
| population_density_urban_imperial =
| population_density_metro_imperial =
<!-- *** History & management *** -->
| established_type = Founded
| established = 1796
| established1_type = Incorporated (village)
| established1 = 1848
| established2_type = Incorporated (city)
| established2 = 1867
| mayor_type = [[List of mayors of Youngstown, Ohio|Mayor]]
| mayor = [[Jay Williams (politician)|Jay Williams]]
| mayor_party = [[Independent (politician)|I]]
<!-- *** Codes *** -->
| timezone = [[Eastern Standard Time Zone|EST]]
| utc_offset = -5
| timezone_DST = [[Eastern Daylight Time Zone|EDT]]
| utc_offset_DST = -4
| postal_code_type = [[Zip code]]
| postal_code = 44500–44599
| area_code = [[Area code 330|330]]
<!-- *** Free fields *** -->
| free_type = [[Federal Information Processing Standard|FIPS code]]
| free = 39-88000
| free_note = {{GR|2}}
| free1_type = [[Geographic Names Information System|GNIS]] feature ID
| free1 = 1058156
| free1_note = {{GR|3}}
<!-- *** Maps *** -->
| map = Ohio Locator Map.PNG
| map_caption = Location of Youngstown in Ohio
| map_locator = Ohio
| map1 = Map of USA OH.svg
| map1_caption = Location of Ohio in the United States
<!-- *** Websites *** -->
| commons =
| statistics =
| website = http://www.cityofyoungstownoh.org
<!-- *** Footnotes *** -->
| footnotes =
}}
'''Youngstown''' is a city in the [[U.S. state]] of [[Ohio]] and the [[county seat]] of [[Mahoning County, Ohio|Mahoning County]]. The municipality is situated on the [[Mahoning River]], approximately {{convert|65|mi|km|0}} southeast of [[Cleveland, Ohio|Cleveland]] and {{convert|61|mi|km|-2}} northwest of [[Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania]].{{GR|6}} Youngstown has its own metropolitan area, but the [[Pittsburgh Tri-State]] and [[Greater Cleveland]] influence the region. Youngstown lies {{convert|10|mi|km|0}} west of the [[Pennsylvania]] state line. It lies midway between [[New York City]] and [[Chicago]].
The city was named for [[John Young (pioneer)|John Young]], an early settler from [[Whitestown, New York]], who established the community's first sawmill and [[gristmill]].<ref name="ysu-communities">{{cite web
| url = http://www.ysu.edu/mahoning_river/youngstown.htm
| title = Communities along the Mahoning River
| publisher = Youngstown State University
| accessdate = 2007-02-26
}}</ref> Youngstown is located in a region of the United States that is often referred to as the [[Rust Belt]]. Traditionally known as a center of steel production, Youngstown was forced to redefine itself when the U.S. steel industry fell into decline in the 1970s, leaving communities throughout the region without major industry.<ref>Bruno (1999), p. 10.</ref> The [[United States Census 2000|2000 census]] showed that Youngstown had a total population of 82,026, making it Ohio's eighth largest city. A 2007 U.S. Census Bureau estimate released in July 2008 placed the population at 73,818.<ref name="city pop'n">{{cite web |url=http://www.census.gov/popest/cities/tables/SUB-EST2007-04-39.csv |title=Table 4: Annual Estimates of the Population for Incorporated Places in Ohio, Listed Alphabetically: April 1, 2000 to July 1, 2007 |accessdate=2008-07-10 |format= |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau }}</ref>
According to the U.S. Census Bureau's 2007 estimate, the Youngstown-[[Warren, Ohio|Warren]] [[United States metropolitan area|Metropolitan Statistical Area]] (MSA) contains 570,704 people and includes Mahoning and [[Trumbull County, Ohio|Trumbull]] counties in Ohio, and [[Mercer County, Pennsylvania|Mercer County]] in Pennsylvania. The [[Steel Valley (Youngstown)|Steel Valley]] area as a whole (including Youngstown-Warren and [[Sharon, Pennsylvania|Sharon]]-[[Farrell, Pennsylvania|Farrell]]-[[New Castle, Pennsylvania]]) comprises 679,402 residents.<ref name="combined">{{cite web|url=http://www.census.gov/population/estimates/metro_general/2007/CSA-EST2007-alldata.csv|title=Annual Estimates of the Population of Combined Statistical Areas: April 1, 2000 to July 1, 2007 |accessdate=2007-07-10 |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau }}</ref>
== Origins ==
[[Image:dtod.jpg|left|thumb|Governor David Tod]]
Youngstown was named for New York native John Young, who surveyed the area in 1796 and settled there soon after.<ref name="vind-yo-10-15-24">
{{cite news
| title = Knowing Youngstown: John Young's Land Purchase
| work = The Youngstown Daily Vindicator
| page = 7
| date = [[October 15]], [[1924]]
}}</ref> On [[February 9]], [[1797]], Young purchased the township of 15,560 acres (63 km²) from the [[Connecticut Western Reserve|Western Reserve Land Company]] for $16,085.<ref>Aley (1975), pp. 28–29.</ref> The 1797 establishment of Youngstown was officially recorded on [[August 19]], [[1802]].<ref>Blue ''et al.'' (1995), pp. 15–16.</ref>
The area constituting present-day Youngstown was part of the [[Connecticut Western Reserve]], a section of the [[Northwest Territory]] reserved for settlers from the state of [[Connecticut]].<ref name="Blue13">Blue ''et al.'' (1995), p. 13.</ref> While many of the area's early settlers came from Connecticut, Youngstown attracted a significant number of [[Scots-Irish American|Scots-Irish]] settlers from neighboring [[Pennsylvania]].<ref>Blue ''et al.'' (1995), pp. 16–17.</ref> The first European Americans to settle permanently in the area were Pittsburgh native James Hillman and wife Catherine Dougherty.<ref>Blue ''et al.'' (1995), p. 15.</ref> By 1798, Youngstown was the home of several families who were concentrated near the point where Mill Creek meets the Mahoning River.<ref name="Blue13"/>
As the Western Reserve's population grew, the need for administrative districts became apparent. In 1800, territorial governor [[Arthur St. Clair]] established Trumbull County (named in honor of Connecticut Governor [[Jonathan Trumbull]]), and designated the smaller settlement of Warren as its administrative center, or "[[county seat]]".<ref>Blue ''et al.'' (1995), pp. 17–18.</ref> In 1813, Trumbull County was divided into townships, with Youngstown Township comprising much of what became Mahoning County.<ref>Blue ''et al.'' (1995), p. 18.</ref> The village of Youngstown was incorporated in 1848, and in 1867 Youngstown was chartered as a city. It became the county seat in 1876, when the administrative center of Mahoning County was moved from neighboring [[Canfield, Ohio|Canfield]].<ref>Aley (1975), pp. 98–99.</ref>
The discovery of coal by the community in the early 1800s paved the way for the Youngstown area's inclusion on the network of the famed [[Erie Canal]]. The Pennsylvania and Ohio Canal Company was organized in 1835, and the canal was completed in 1840.<ref>Blue ''et al.'' (1995), pp. 33–35.</ref> Local industrialist [[David Tod]], who was later Ohio governor during the [[American Civil War|Civil War]], persuaded [[Lake Erie]] steamboat owners that coal mined in the Mahoning Valley could fuel their vessels if canal transportation were available between Youngstown and Cleveland. The arrival of the railroad in 1856 smoothed the path for further economic growth.<ref>Blue ''et al.'' (1995), pp. 35–36.</ref>
=== Peopling of the valley ===
[[Image:YoungstownOhio1910s.jpg|thumb|right|Youngstown, 1910s: Central Square and Viaduct (view looking south).]]
Youngstown's industrial development changed the face of the Mahoning Valley. The community's burgeoning coal industry drew hundreds of immigrants from [[Wales]], [[Germany]], and [[Ireland]]. With the establishment of steel mills in the late 19th century, Youngstown became a popular destination for immigrants from [[Eastern Europe]], [[Italy]], and [[Greece]].<ref>Blue ''et al.'' (1995), p. 69.</ref> In the early 20th century, the community saw an influx of immigrants from non-European countries including what is modern day [[Lebanon]], [[Israel]], and [[Syria]]. By the 1920s, this dramatic demographic shift produced a nativist backlash, and the Mahoning Valley became a center of [[Ku Klux Klan]] activity.<ref>Jenkins (1990), p. 19.</ref> The situation reached a climax in 1924, when street clashes between Klan members and [[Italian American|Italian]] and [[Irish American|Irish]] Americans in neighboring [[Niles, Ohio|Niles]] led Ohio Governor [[A. Victor Donahey]] to declare martial law.<ref>Jenkins (1990), p. 137.</ref> By 1928, however, the Klan was in steep decline; and three years later, the organization sold its Canfield, Ohio, meeting area, Kountry Klub Field.<ref>Aley (1975), p. 259.</ref> Today, the metropolitan area's ethnic diversity is reflected in businesses such as [[Jew]]ish [[delicatessen]]s, Italian eateries, and [[Middle East]]ern restaurants. Urban neighborhoods are dotted with [[church]]es, [[synagogue]]s, and [[mosque]]s.
The growth of industry attracted people from within the borders of the United States, and from [[Latin America]]. By the late 19th century, [[African Americans]] were well represented in Youngstown, and the first local congregation of the [[African Methodist Episcopal Church]] was established in 1871.<ref name="Aley46">Aley (1975), p. 46.</ref> In the 1880s, local attorney [[William R. Stewart]] was the second African American elected to the [[Ohio House of Representatives]].<ref>Aley (1975), p. 47.</ref> A large influx of African Americans in the early 20th century owed much to developments in the industrial sector. During the national [[Steel Strike of 1919]], local industrialists recruited thousands of workers from the [[Southern United States|South]], many of whom were Black.<ref>Brody (1960), pp. 254–255.</ref> This move inflamed racist sentiment among local Whites, and for decades, African-American steelworkers experienced discrimination in the workplace.<ref>Bruno (1999), pp. 155–156.</ref><ref>Linkon and Russo (2002), p. 42.</ref> Migration from the South rose dramatically in the 1940s, when the mechanization of southern agriculture brought an end to the exploitative [[sharecropping]] system, leading onetime farm laborers to seek industrial jobs.<ref>Lemann (1991), pp. 3–58.</ref>
The city's population became more diverse in the post-[[World War II]] era, when a seemingly robust steel industry attracted thousands of workers.<ref>Linkon and Russo (2002), pp. 41–42.</ref> In the 1950s, the [[Hispanics in the United States|Latino]] population grew significantly; and by the 1970s, [[St. Rose of Lima]] [[Roman Catholic]] Church and the First Spanish [[Baptist]] Church of Ohio were among the largest religious institutions for Spanish-speaking residents in the Youngstown metropolitan area.<ref name="Aley46"/> While diversity is among the community's enduring characteristics, the industrial economy that drew various groups to the area collapsed in the late 1970s. In response to subsequent challenges, the city has taken well-publicized steps to diversify economically, while building on some traditional strengths.<ref name="nasser">{{cite news
| first = Haya El
| last = Nasser
| title = As older cities shrink, some reinvent themselves
| work = USA TODAY
| date = [[December 26]], [[2006]]
| accessdate = 2007-02-14
}}</ref>
== Geography and climate==
Youngstown is located at 41°5'47" North, 80°38'57" West (41.096258, −80.649299).{{GR|1}} It borders or touches the following other townships and municipalities:
* [[Boardman Township, Mahoning County, Ohio|Boardman Township, Mahoning County]] on the south
* [[Canfield, Ohio|Canfield Township, Mahoning County]] on the southwest
* [[Austintown, Ohio|Austintown Township, Mahoning County]] on the west
* [[Weathersfield Township, Trumbull County, Ohio|Weathersfield Township, Trumbull County]], on the northwest (touches, but does not border)
* [[Girard, Ohio|Girard, Trumbull County]] on the north–northwest
* [[Liberty Township, Trumbull County, Ohio|Liberty Township, Trumbull County]], on the north
* [[Hubbard Township, Trumbull County, Ohio|Hubbard Township, Trumbull County]], on the northeast
* [[Coitsville Township, Mahoning County, Ohio|Coitsville Township, Mahoning County]] on the east
* [[Campbell, Ohio|Campbell, Mahoning County]] on the east–southeast
* [[Struthers, Ohio|Struthers, Mahoning County]] on the southeast
According to the [[United States Census Bureau]], the city has a total area of 34.2 square miles (88.7 km²); 33.9 square miles (87.8 km²) of it is land and 0.3 square miles (0.9 km²) of it is water. The total area is 1.02% water.
Youngstown is in the [[Mahoning Valley]] on the [[Glaciated Allegheny Plateau]]. At the end of the last [[Ice Age]], the [[glacier]]s left behind a uniform plain with valleys caused by the [[Mahoning River]] crossing the plain.<ref name="Aley89">Aley (1975), pp. 8–9.</ref> Lakes created by glaciers that dammed small streams were eventually drained, leaving behind fertile terrain.<ref name="Aley89"/>
{| class="wikitable" "text-align:center;font-size:90%;"|
| colspan="13" style="text-align:center;font-size:120%;"|Monthly normal and record high and low temperatures
|-
! style="background: #E5AFAA; color: #000000" height="17" | Month
! style="background: #E5AFAA; color:#000000;" | Jan
! style="background: #E5AFAA; color:#000000;" | Feb
! style="background: #E5AFAA; color:#000000;" | Mar
! style="background: #E5AFAA; color:#000000;" | Apr
! style="background: #E5AFAA; color:#000000;" | May
! style="background: #E5AFAA; color:#000000;" | Jun
! style="background: #E5AFAA; color:#000000;" | Jul
! style="background: #E5AFAA; color:#000000;" | Aug
! style="background: #E5AFAA; color:#000000;" | Sep
! style="background: #E5AFAA; color:#000000;" | Oct
! style="background: #E5AFAA; color:#000000;" | Nov
! style="background: #E5AFAA; color:#000000;" | Dec
|-
! style="background: #E5AFAA; color:#000000;" height="16;" | Rec High °F
| style="text-align:center; background: #E8EAFA; color:#000000;" | 71
| style="text-align:center; background: #E8EAFA; color:#000000;" | 73
| style="text-align:center; background: #E8EAFA; color:#000000;" | 82
| style="text-align:center; background: #E8EAFA; color:#000000;" | 88
| style="text-align:center; background: #E8EAFA; color:#000000;" | 92
| style="text-align:center; background: #E8EAFA; color:#000000;" | 99
| style="text-align:center; background: #E8EAFA; color:#000000;" | 100
| style="text-align:center; background: #E8EAFA; color:#000000;" | 97
| style="text-align:center; background: #E8EAFA; color:#000000;" | 99
| style="text-align:center; background: #E8EAFA; color:#000000;" | 87
| style="text-align:center; background: #E8EAFA; color:#000000;" | 80
| style="text-align:center; background: #E8EAFA; color:#000000;" | 76
|-
! style="background: #E5AFAA; color:#000000;" height="16;" | Norm High °F
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 32.4
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 36
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 46.3
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 58.2
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 69
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 77.1
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 81
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 79.3
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 72.1
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 60.7
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 48.4
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 37.3
|-
! style="background: #E5AFAA; color:#000000;" height="16;" | Norm Low °F
| style="text-align:center; background: #C5DFE1; color:#000000;" | 17.4
| style="text-align:center; background: #C5DFE1; color:#000000;" | 19.3
| style="text-align:center; background: #C5DFE1; color:#000000;" | 27.1
| style="text-align:center; background: #C5DFE1; color:#000000;" | 36.5
| style="text-align:center; background: #C5DFE1; color:#000000;" | 46.2
| style="text-align:center; background: #C5DFE1; color:#000000;" | 54.6
| style="text-align:center; background: #C5DFE1; color:#000000;" | 58.7
| style="text-align:center; background: #C5DFE1; color:#000000;" | 57.5
| style="text-align:center; background: #C5DFE1; color:#000000;" | 50.9
| style="text-align:center; background: #C5DFE1; color:#000000;" | 40.9
| style="text-align:center; background: #C5DFE1; color:#000000;" | 33
| style="text-align:center; background: #C5DFE1; color:#000000;" | 23.4
|-
! style="background: #E5AFAA; color:#000000;" height="16;" | Rec Low °F
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | -22
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | -14
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | -10
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 11
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 24
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 30
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 40
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 32
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 29
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 20
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 1
| style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | -12
|-
! style="background: #E5AFAA; color:#000000;" height="16;" | Precip (in)
| style="text-align:center; background: #E8EAFA; color:#000000;" | 2.34
| style="text-align:center; background: #E8EAFA; color:#000000;" | 2.03
| style="text-align:center; background: #E8EAFA; color:#000000;" | 3.05
| style="text-align:center; background: #E8EAFA; color:#000000;" | 3.33
| style="text-align:center; background: #E8EAFA; color:#000000;" | 3.45
| style="text-align:center; background: #E8EAFA; color:#000000;" | 3.91
| style="text-align:center; background: #E8EAFA; color:#000000;" | 4.1
| style="text-align:center; background: #E8EAFA; color:#000000;" | 3.43
| style="text-align:center; background: #E8EAFA; color:#000000;" | 3.89
| style="text-align:center; background: #E8EAFA; color:#000000;" | 2.46
| style="text-align:center; background: #E8EAFA; color:#000000;" | 3.07
| style="text-align:center; background: #E8EAFA; color:#000000;" | 2.96
|-
| colspan="13" style="text-align:center;font-size:90%;"|Source: [http://www.ustravelweather.com/weather-ohio/youngstown-weather.asp USTravelWeather.com]
|}
== Demographics ==
{{USCensusPop|1870=8075|1880=15435|1890=33220|1900=30667|1910=79066|1920=132358|1930=170002|1940=167720|1950=168330|1960=166688|1970=139788|1980=115427|1990=95787|2000=82026|estimate=73818|estyear=2007|
footnote=
}}
According to the 2000 Census numbers, Youngstown has 32,177 households and 19,724 families in the city. The population density is 893/km² (2,312.9/sq mi). There are 37,159 housing units at an average density of 1,096.3/sq mi (423.2/km²).<ref name="areaconnect">{{cite web | url = http://youngstown.areaconnect.com/statistics.htm | title = Youngstown, Ohio, Statistics and Demographics (U.S. Census 2000) | publisher = AreaConnect | accessdate = 2007-03-04}}</ref>
The racial makeup of the city is roughly 51% White, 44% Black or African American, and 5% [[Hispanic (U.S. Census)|Hispanic]] or Latino of any race, though [[Puerto Rican American|Puerto Ricans]] are the dominant Spanish-speaking group.<ref name="areaconnect"/>
Records suggest that 27.2% of the households have children under the age of 18. Of these, 33.2% are married couples living together, 22.9% have a female householder with no husband present, and 38.7% are non-families. Meanwhile, 34.0% of all households comprise a single person, and 14.7% of households comprise a person over 65 years of age living alone. The average household size is 2.39 and the average family size is 3.07.<ref name="areaconnect"/>
In Youngstown, the population leans toward greater numbers of youths, as is often the case in U.S. inner-city areas with higher [[birth rates]]. Survey data show the following: 25.8% under the age of 18, 10.1% from 18 to 24, 26.4% from 25 to 44, 20.3% from 45 to 64, and 17.4% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 36 years. For every 100 females, there are 91.9 males; for every 100 females aged 18 and over, there are 87.8 males.<ref name="areaconnect"/>
The median household income is $24,201, and the median family income $30,701; but the average per capita income for the city is $13,293. Males have a median income of $29,900 and females $21,050. About 25% of the population lives below the poverty line. Out of the total population, 37.3% of those under the age of 18 and 13.3% of those 65 and older are living below the [[Poverty threshold|poverty line]].<ref name="areaconnect"/>
The [[United States Census Bureau]]'s 2006 Annual Social and Economic (ASEC) Supplement Current Population Survey estimates a medium household income of $21,850. Analysis by CNNMoney states that Youngstown has the lowest median income of U.S. cities with more than 65,000 residents.<ref name="cnnmoney">{{cite web | author = Christie, Les |url = http://money.cnn.com/2007/08/28/real_estate/wealthiest_states/index.htm |title = The richest (and poorest) places in the U.S. |publisher = CNN |date=[[August 31]] [[2007]] |accessdate = 2007-09-01}}</ref>
== Industry and business ==
[[Image:sheet&tube.jpg|left|thumb|Youngstown Sheet & Tube and Viaduct]]
Endowed with large deposits of coal and iron as well as "old growth" hardwood forests needed to produce charcoal, the Youngstown area eventually developed a thriving steel industry. The area's first blast furnace was established to the east of town in 1803 by James and Daniel Heaton.<ref>Blue ''et al.'' (1995), p. 20.</ref> In time, the availability of fossil fuels contributed to the development of other coal-fired mills, including the Youngstown Rolling Mill Company, which was established in 1846.<ref>Blue ''et al.'' (1995), p. 42.</ref> By the mid-19th century, Youngstown was the site of several iron industrial plants, notably David Tod's [[Brier Hill]] Iron & Coal Company.<ref>Blue ''et al.'' (1995), p. 37.</ref> The iron industry continued to expand in the 1890s, despite the depletion of local natural resources. Numerous rail connections ensured a consistent supply of coal and iron ore from neighboring states.<ref>Blue ''et al.'' (1995), pp. 66–67.</ref>
At the turn of the century, local industrialists began to convert to steel manufacturing, amid a wave of industrial consolidations that placed much of the Mahoning Valley's industry in the hands of national corporations.<ref name="Blue94">Blue ''et al.'' (1995), p. 94.</ref> Shortly after the establishment of [[U.S. Steel]] in 1901, the corporate entity absorbed Youngstown's premier steel producer, the National Steel Company.<ref name="Blue94"/> One year earlier, however, a group of city investors took steps to ensure high levels of local ownership in the area's industrial sector. Led by local industrialists [[George D. Wick]] and [[James A. Campbell]], they organized what became the [[Youngstown Sheet and Tube|Youngstown Sheet and Tube Company]],<ref name="Blue94"/> among the nation's most important regional steel producers.<ref name="Fuechtmann16">Fuechtmann (1989), p. 16.</ref> The firm significantly expanded its operations in 1923, when it acquired plants in [[South Chicago]] and [[East Chicago, Indiana]]. This impulse to support local ownership surfaced again in 1931, when Campbell, as chairman of the Youngstown Sheet and Tube Company, attempted to merge the firm with [[Bethlehem Steel]], in a bid to create the nation's second-largest steel corporation.<ref name="vind-yo-09-21-33b">
{{cite news
| title = Bethlehem Merger Great Blow of Last Years
| work = The Youngstown Daily Vindicator
| date = [[September 21]], [[1933]]
}}</ref> Other area industrialists blocked the move,<ref name="vind-yo-09-21-33">
{{cite news
| title = Death Ends J. A. Campbell's Career; Sudden Attack Is Fatal to Sheet & Tube's Builder
| work = The Youngstown Vindicator
| date = [[September 21]], [[1933]]
}}</ref><ref name="nyt-10-18-31">
{{cite news
| title = Bethlehem Cancels Youngstown Deal; Grace Announces $970,000,000 Merger Is Unfeasible
| work = The New York Times
| date = [[October 18]], [[1931]]
}}</ref> with the financial backing of Republic Steel founder [[Cyrus S. Eaton]], who feared the implications of a strengthened Bethlehem Steel.<ref>Fuechtmann (1989), p. 14.</ref>
In the late 1930s, the community's steel sector gained national attention once again, when Youngstown became a site of the so-called "Little Steel Strike", an effort by the [[Steel Workers Organizing Committee]], a precursor to [[United Steelworkers]], to secure contract agreements with smaller steel companies.<ref name="shellock">{{cite news
| first = Marie
| last = Shellock
| title = Defining moment in local labor history occurred 70 years ago
| work = The Metro Monthly
|date=June 2007
| accessdate = 2007-10-20
}}</ref> These firms included [[Republic Steel]], Bethlehem Steel, Youngstown Sheet and Tube, [[National Steel Corporation|National Steel]], [[Inland Steel Company|Inland Steel]], and [[American Rolling Mills]].<ref name="shellock"/> [[Gus Hall]], one of the committee's founding organizers, led strikes in Youngstown and Warren.<ref name="shellock"/> On [[June 21]], [[1937]], strike-related violence in Youngstown resulted in two deaths and 42 injuries.<ref name="shellock"/> Despite violent episodes in Youngstown and Chicago, the Little Steel Strike proved to be a turning point in the history of the U.S. [[Labour movement|labor movement]]. Historian William Lawson observed that the strike transformed industrial unions from "basically local and ineffective organizations into all-encompassing, nationwide collective bargaining representatives of American workers".<ref name="shellock"/> A historical marker commemorating the strike was recently installed on the grounds of the [[Youngstown Historical Center of Industry and Labor]].<ref name="shellock"/><ref name="vind-yo-05-31-07">
{{cite news
| first = Andrew
| last = Gaug
| coauthors = D'Astolfo, Guy
| title = Strike marker reinstated at new location
| work = The Vindicator
| date = [[May 31]], [[2007]]
}}</ref>
=== Decline of steel ===
Between the 1920s and 1960s, the city was known as an important industrial hub that featured the massive furnaces and foundries of such companies as Republic Steel and U.S. Steel. At the same time, Youngstown never became economically diversified, as did larger industrial cities such as Chicago, Pittsburgh, Akron, or Cleveland.<ref name="Fuechtmann16">Fuechtmann (1989), p. 16.</ref> Hence, when economic changes forced the closure of plants throughout the 1970s, the city was left with few substantial economic alternatives. The 1969 corporate merger between the Youngstown Sheet and Tube Company and the [[New Orleans]]-based Lykes Corporation proved to be a turning point in the demise of the local steel industry.<ref name="Fuechtmann4143">Fuechtmann (1989), pp. 41–43.</ref> The merger and subsequent takeover of Youngstown Sheet and Tube burdened the community's primary steel producer with hundreds of thousands of dollars in debt.<ref name="Fuechtmann4143"/> Further, the deal placed control of the company outside of the Mahoning Valley.<ref name="Fuechtmann4143"/> The [[September 19]], [[1977]], announcement of the closure of a large portion of Youngstown Sheet and Tube, an event still remembered by many Youngstowners as "Black Monday", is widely regarded as the death knell of the old area steel industry. This was followed by the withdrawal of U.S. Steel in 1979 and 1980, and the bankruptcy of Republic Steel in the mid-1980s.<ref>Bruno (1999), pp. 9–10.</ref> Attempts to revive the local steel industry proved unsuccessful. Shortly after the closure of most of Youngstown Sheet and Tube's area operations, local religious leaders, steelworkers, and activists such as [[Staughton Lynd]] participated in a grassroots effort to purchase and refurbish one of the company's abandoned plants in neighboring [[Campbell, Ohio]].<ref name="Fuechtmann5">Fuechtmann (1989), p. 5.</ref> This project met with failure in April 1979.<ref name="Fuechtmann5"/> In the wake of the steel plant shutdowns, the community lost an estimated 40,000 manufacturing jobs, 400 satellite businesses, $414 million in personal income, and from 33 to 75 percent of the school tax revenues.<ref>Bruno (1999), p. 149.</ref> The Youngstown area has yet to fully recover from the loss of jobs in the steel sector.<ref>Linkon and Russo (2002), pp. 131–132.</ref>
=== Post-steel economy ===
Youngstown is the site of several steel and metalworking operations, though nothing on the scale seen during the "glory days" of the "Steel Valley". One of the largest current employers in the city is [[Youngstown State University]] (YSU), an urban public campus that serves about 13,000 students, located in the heart of downtown.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.regionalchamber.com/local-largestempl.htm | title = Youngstown-Warren area largest employers | publisher = Youngstown-Warren Regional Chamber of Commerce | accessdate = 2007-02-18}}</ref>
The blow dealt to the community's industrial economy in the 1970s, was slightly mitigated by the presence of auto production plants in the metropolitan area. In the late 1980s, the [[Studebaker Avanti|Avanti]], an automobile with a fiberglass body originally designed by [[Studebaker]] to compete with the [[Corvette]], was manufactured in an industrial complex located on Youngstown's Albert Street. However, this company didn't last long in Youngstown, moving after just a few years.<ref name="Avanti">{{cite journal |last=Washington |first=Frank |year=1989 |month=April 3 |title=Buffing Up an Old Classic–Avanti Drives Again |journal=Newsweek |volume=CXIII |pages=p. 46 |accessdate=2007-11-01}}</ref>A mainstay, though, of Youngstown's industrial economy has long been the GM Lordstown plant.The [[General Motors Corporation|General Motors]]' [[Lordstown Assembly]] plant is the largest industrial employer is the area.<ref name="GM"/> One of the nation's largest auto plants in terms of square feet, the Lordstown facility was home to production of the Chevrolet Impala, Vega, and [[Cavalier]]. Recently expanded and retooled with a new paint facility, it is the current home of the Cavalier's successor, the [[Chevrolet Cobalt]].<ref name="GM">Lyne, Jack (2002). [http://www.siteselection.com/ssinsider/bbdeal/bd020819.htm GM Doling Out $500M to Build New Model in North Ohio.] Site Selection Online Insider. Retrieved on [[2007-03-08]]</ref>
[[Delphi Corporation|Delphi]], Packard Electric Systems, and the WCI Steel plant are also located in the Warren area. The largest industrial employers within the Youngstown city limits are V&M Star Steel Company (formerly North Star Steel), in the Brier Hill district, and Exal Corporation, located on Poland Avenue. The latter has recently expanded its operations.<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.macraesbluebook.com/search/company.cfm?company=425745| title = Exal Corporation| publisher = Macrae Blue Book| accessdate = 2007-03-08}}</ref> Many observers have pointed out, however, that Youngstown has yet to move into a "post-steel" economy.
=== New growth ===
[[Image:Youngstown003.jpg|thumb|right|Downtown Youngstown at night]]
Youngstown's downtown, which once underscored the community's economic difficulties, is a site of new business growth. The [[business incubator|Youngstown Business Incubator]], located in the heart of the downtown, houses several start-up technology companies, which have received office space, furnishings, and access to utilities.<ref name="shilling">{{cite news
| first = Don
| last = Shilling
| title = $2M will expand incubator
| work = The Vindicator
| date = [[September 8]], [[2006]]
| accessdate = 2007-02-15
}}</ref> Some companies supported by the incubator have earned recognition, and a few are starting to outgrow their current space. In an effort to keep such companies downtown, the incubator secured approval to demolish a row of vacant buildings nearby to clear space for expansion. The project will be funded by a $2 million federal grant awarded in 2006.<ref name="shilling"/> Meanwhile, the downtown has retained its traditional role as the community's financial center. Several banks, including [[JP Morgan Chase]], [[National City Corp.|National City]], [[Huntington Bancshares|Huntington]], and [[FNB Corporation|First National Bank]] have offices in the city; and the Youngstown-based Home Savings & Loan is headquartered there.
=== Legacy of innovation ===
Extensive coverage of Youngstown's economic challenges has overshadowed the city's long entrepreneurial tradition. A number of products and enterprises introduced in Youngstown later became national household names. Among these is Youngstown-based [[Schwebel's Bakery]], which was established in neighboring Campbell in the 1900s. The company now distributes bread products nationally.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.schwebels.com/about.asp | title = It all began in 1906, in a small kitchen in Campbell, Ohio... | publisher = Schwebel's Baking Company | accessdate = 2007-02-17
}}</ref> In the 1920s, Youngstown was the birthplace of the [[Good Humor]] brand of ice cream novelties,<ref name="shilling2">{{cite news
| first = Don
| last = Shilling
| title = A Youngstown candy maker invented the Good Humor bar
| work = The Vindicator
| date = [[May 8]], [[2002]]
| accessdate = 2007-02-14
}}</ref> and the popular franchise of [[Handel's Homemade Ice Cream & Yogurt]] was established there in the 1940s. In the 1950s, the suburb of Boardman became the site of one of the country's first modern shopping plazas, which was established by Youngstown-born developer [[Edward J. DeBartolo, Sr.]]<ref>Blue ''et al.'' (1995), p. 176</ref> The [[fast-food]] chain, [[Arby's]], opened the first of its restaurants in Boardman in 1964, and [[Arthur Treacher's Fish & Chips]] was headquartered in Youngstown in the late 1970s. More recently, the city's downtown hosted the corporate headquarters of the now-defunct pharmacy chain store [[Phar-Mor]], which was established by Youngstown native [[Michael I. Monus|Mickey Monus]].<ref name="newsweek">
{{cite news
| first = Jolie
| last = Solomon
| title = Mickey's Secret Life: The mystery man behind the Phar-Mor scandal was obsessed with winning–and lost big
| work = Newsweek
| pages = 70–72
| date = [[August 31]], [[1992]]
}}</ref> In the 1980s, before it was compelled to declare bankruptcy, Phar-mor was a competitor of [[Wal-mart]].<ref name="pitz">{{cite news
| first = Marylynne
| last = Pitz
| title = Jury finds Phar-Mor auditors negligent
| work = The Pittsburgh Post-Gazette
| date = [[February 15]], [[1996]]
| accessdate = 2007-02-14
}}</ref> The firm's local assets were later purchased by the Pittsburgh-based supermarket chain [[Giant Eagle]].
===Post-steel image in popular culture===
A large segment of the American public associates Youngstown with the economic malaise that befell much of the industrial northeast after the collapse of its manufacturing sector. The decline of Youngstown's steel industry and its adverse effects on local workers were the subject of [[Bruce Springsteen]]'s ballad, "Youngstown", featured on his ''[[The Ghost of Tom Joad]]'' album.<ref>Linkon and Russo (2002), pp. 1–2.</ref> Springsteen made Youngstown the first stop on his [[Ghost of Tom Joad Tour]], playing to a sold-out audience at Stambaugh Auditorium.
== Government ==
Youngstown is governed by a [[List of mayors of Youngstown, Ohio|mayor]] who is elected every four years and limited to a maximum of two terms. Mayors are traditionally inaugurated on or around the second of January. For complex reasons, the city has tended to elect [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] mayors since the late 1920s.<ref>Blue ''et al.'' (1995), p. 113.</ref> Youngstown's current mayor is [[Jay Williams (politician)|Jay Williams]], the city's first African-American mayor and its first [[Independent (politician)|independent]] mayor since 1922.<ref name="skolnick">{{cite news
| first = David
| last = Skolnick
| title = Community leaders extol mayoral victory
| work = The Vindicator
| date = [[November 9]], [[2005]]
| accessdate = 2007-02-14
}}</ref> Williams belongs to the [[Mayors Against Illegal Guns Coalition]],<ref name="noguns">{{cite web| url=http://www.mayorsagainstillegalguns.org/html/about/members.shtml| title=Mayors Against Illegal Guns: Coalition Members|publisher=Mayors Against Illegal Guns|accessdate=2007-06-12}}</ref> a bi-partisan group with the stated goal of "making the public safer by getting illegal guns off the streets". The coalition is co-chaired by [[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]] Mayor [[Thomas Menino]] and [[New York City|New York]] Mayor [[Michael Bloomberg]].<ref name="noguns"/>
Residents elect an eight-member city council, which includes representatives of the city's seven wards and a council president. The council, in turn, appoints a city clerk. The council traditionally meets every first and third Wednesday of the month. City council meetings are generally held from the third week in September to the third week in June. Meanwhile, the board of control oversees contracts for public projects within the municipal limits. The Youngstown Police Department and [[Youngstown Fire Department]] fall under the board's supervision, as do the parks, civil service, community development, health, planning, and water departments.
Youngstown's finance department oversees all municipal finances and supervises the departments of economic development and income tax. The city's department of public works has sweeping supervisory responsibilities and oversees the departments of engineering, building inspection, building and grounds, signal and sign, demolition and housing, litter and recycling, street, and water waste treatment. The city's law department represents the city on all legal issues, serving as counsel to all municipal departments.
== Education ==
===Public===
The [[Youngstown City School District]] manages all public education within the city. As of 2007, the school district was engaged in a process of reconfiguration, consolidating existing schools while building some new ones. District high schools once included South, [[Chaney High School (Youngstown, Ohio)|Chaney]], [[Rayen High School (Youngstown, Ohio)|Rayen]], East, [[Woodrow Wilson High School (Youngstown, Ohio)|Woodrow Wilson]], Youngstown Early College, and Choffin Career and Technical Center. This roster has changed, however. Chaney expanded, while Rayen and Wilson were closed to make way for a newly built [[East High School (Youngstown, Ohio)|East High School]].<ref name="vindy-yo-03-14-07">{{cite news
| first = Harold
| last = Gwin
| title = Students and parents to receive introduction to new East High
| work = The Vindicator
| date = [[March 14]], [[2007]]
| accessdate = 2007-03-14
}}</ref> Youngstown City School District participate in an "Early College" program, in cooperation with Youngstown State University. This program enables high school students to attend classes on campus and earn college credit.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.ysu.edu/yngec| title=Youngstown Early College|publisher=Youngstown State University|accessdate=2007-03-08}}</ref>
=== Private ===
The [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Youngstown|Diocese of Youngstown]] once oversaw more than 20 schools within the city limits. As a result of dwindling enrollment, however, only four Catholic schools continue to operate within Youngstown proper.<ref name="gwin">{{cite news
| first = Harold
| last = Gwin
| title = Final bell tolls for two schools
| work = The Vindicator
| date = [[June 7]], [[2006]]
| accessdate = 2007-02-14
}}</ref> These include two elementary schools–[[Byzantine Catholic]] Central and St. Christine's–and two secondary schools, [[Ursuline High School, Youngstown|Ursuline]] and [[Cardinal Mooney High School|Cardinal Mooney]]. (The two high schools share a heated and longstanding rivalry in athletics.) Several additional Catholic schools operate in Mahoning, Trumbull, Columbiana, Portage, Stark, and Ashtabula counties.
Youngstown hosts a small number of charter schools and one [[Montessori]] school. The Montessori School of the Mahoning Valley, which recently celebrated its 30th year, offers alternative learning environments for students ranging from preschool to eighth grade.<ref>[http://www.montessori-youngstown.com/about.htm About our school.] The Montessori School of the Mahoning Valley. Retrieved on [[2007-03-08]].</ref>
=== Higher education ===
[[Image:JonesHall.jpg|thumb|right|Youngstown State University's Jones Hall]]
Youngstown State University, the primary institution of higher learning in the Youngstown-Warren metropolitan area, traces its origins to a local [[YMCA]] program that began offering college-level courses in 1908.<ref name="vindy-10-14-07"/> YSU joined the Ohio system of higher education in 1967.<ref name="vindy-10-14-07">{{cite news
| first = Harold
| last = Gwin
| title = Unofficial historian: Y gave YSU its start
| work = The Vindicator
| page = B-1
| date = [[October 14]], [[2007]]
| accessdate = 2007-10-14
}}</ref> Once regarded as a commuter school, YSU serves about 13,000 students, many from outside the Youngstown area. The campus is situated just north of the city's downtown and south of Youngstown's historic district, a neighborhood of [[Tudor style architecture|Tudor]]-, [[Victorian architecture|Victorian]]-, and [[Spanish Colonial Revival Style architecture|Spanish Colonial Revival]]-style homes.<ref name="pellegrini">{{cite news
| first = Mary Ellen
| last = Pellegrini
| title = Wick Park historic district - three groups will work together to ensure that striking neighborhoods will be preserved
| work = The Vindicator
| date = [[January 22]], [[2007]]
| accessdate = 2007-02-14
}}</ref>
YSU offers the lowest tuition of any public institution of higher learning in Ohio, and its campus is reported to be among the safest in the state.{{Fact|date=June 2008}} The university's assets include the Dana School of Music, an [[Steinway & Sons#All-SteinwaySchools|All-Steinway school]]. The Dana School of Music is one of the six oldest continuously operating schools of music in the United States.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.fpa.ysu.edu/music/main/hist1.htm | title=History of Dana School of Music| publisher=Youngstown State University| accessdate=2007-11-01}}</ref>
In addition, the Youngstown–Warren area hosts a regional branch of [[Kent State University]]. Kent State–Trumbull was established in the mid-1960s in [[Champion Township, Trumbull County, Ohio|Champion, Ohio]], just north of Warren. Another branch, Kent State-Salem, is located in the [[Steel Valley]] and serves the area's southlands. It is located about 25 minutes south of Youngstown. [[Kent State University]]'s main campus, a primary center of education for [[Northeast Ohio]]ans, is located just east of Akron, and 30 to 40 minutes west of downtown Youngstown.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.kent.edu| title=Kent State University Homepage|publisher=Kent State University|accessdate=2007-03-08}}</ref>
== Attractions ==
===Chevrolet Centre===
{{main|Chevrolet Centre}}
Despite the impact of regional economic decline, Youngstown offers an array of cultural and recreational resources. Moreover, the community's range of attractions has increased in recent years. The newest addition is the [[Chevrolet]] Centre, a venue for professional hockey games, arena football contests, "on ice" shows, and other forms of entertainment.
===Theater===
[[Image:Stambaugha.jpg|thumb|right|Stambaugh Auditorium was built in 1926 to provide additional space for concerts.]]
The community's culture center is [[Powers Auditorium]], a former [[Warner Bros.|Warner Brothers]] movie palace<ref name="nyt-03-19-30">{{cite news
| title = A Sam Warner Memorial – Brothers Will Build a $1,000,000 Movie Theatre in Youngstown
| work = The New York Times
| page = 31
| date = [[March 19]], [[1930]]
| accessdate = 2007-10-30
}}</ref> that serves as the area's primary music hall while providing a home for the [[Youngstown Symphony Orchestra]].<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.youngstownsymphony.com| title=DeYor Performing Arts Center Homepage|publisher=Youngstown Symphony|accessdate=2007-02-18}}</ref> This downtown landmark is one of five auditoriums located within the city limits. Ford Recital Hall was built in 2006 as an addition to newly renovated Powers Auditorium. Imposing and [[Neo-classical architecture|neo-classical]] [[Stambaugh Auditorium]], located on the city's north side, has served for decades as a site of concerts and is often rented for private events. The facility also hosts the Stambaugh Youth Concert Band.<ref name="stam">{{cite web| url=http://www.stambaughonline.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=12&Itemid=32| title=Stambaugh Auditorium Homepage|publisher=Stambaugh Auditorium |accessdate=2007-03-12}}</ref>
[[Oakland Center for the Arts]], located in the downtown area, is a venue for locally produced plays. This institution is complimented by the [[Youngstown Playhouse]], which is located on the city's south side. The Youngstown Playhouse, Mahoning County's primary community theater, has served the area for more than 80 years, despite intermittent financial problems. Well known theatrical personalities from the Youngstown area include comedic actor [[Joe Flynn (US actor)|Joe Flynn]],<ref name="vindy-yo-07-20-74">{{cite news
| title = Actor Flynn Drowns in Pool; Youngstown Native Was TV Comedian
| work = The Youngstown Vindicator
| page = 1
| date = [[July 20]], [[1974]]
}}</ref> screen actress [[Elizabeth Hartman]],<ref name="steely-yo-11-22-64">
{{cite news
| title = Biff Hartman of Playhouse Roles Has Broadway Lead
| work = The Steel Valley News
| page = 24
| date = [[November 22]], [[1964]]
}}</ref> singer and [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]] performer [[Maureen McGovern]],<ref>{{cite press release |url=http://www.sru.edu/pages/14515.asp |title=Maureen McGovern brings wealth of talent to SRU Performing Arts Series show |publisher=Slippery Rock University |date=[[October 1]], [[2007]] |accessdate=2007-11-01}}</ref> and television and screen actor [[Ed O'Neill]].<ref name="irish-in-y-town">{{cite book
| last = Pallante
| first = Sally
| coauthors = Scotty Hanahan, Jim Dunn, Ted Miller, Martin Pallante, Terry Dunn
| title = Irish in Youngstown and the Greater Mahoning Valley
| year = 2004
| publisher = Arcadia Publishing
| location = Charleston, SC
| id =
| pages = p. 105}}</ref>
===Museums===
Youngstown's most widely known museum is the [[Butler Institute of American Art]], which is located on the northeastern edge of the Youngstown State University campus. This institution was established by industrialist [[Joseph G. Butler, Jr.]], in 1919 as the first museum in the country dedicated to American art.<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.butlerart.com/ | title = About the Butler | publisher = Butler Institute of American Art | accessdate = 2007-02-16}}</ref> Across the street from the Butler stands the McDonough Museum of Art, which is owned and operated by YSU. Since its establishment in 1991, the McDonough has showcased contemporary art and hosted programs for students on campus and throughout the surrounding area.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://mcdonoughmuseum.ysu.edu/ | title = McDonough Museum of Art | publisher = Youngstown State University | accessdate = 2007-02-18
}}</ref> The Clarence R. Smith Mineral Museum, also located on the YSU campus, is operated by the university's geology department and housed in a campus building.<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://clarence-smith-museum.ysu.edu/ | title = Clarence R. Smith Mineral Museum | publisher = Youngstown State University | accessdate = 2007-02-19
}}</ref>
[[Image:Youngstown 021.jpg|thumb|left|The Butler Institute of American Art]]
To the immediate north of YSU is the Arms Family Museum of Local History. The museum, housed in a 1905 [[American Craftsman|Arts & Crafts style]] mansion on the main artery of Wick Avenue, is managed by the Mahoning Valley Historical Society. Once the estate of a local industrialist, the museum maintains period rooms that showcase the original contents of the household, including furnishings, art objects, and personal artifacts. The museum mounts rotating exhibits on topics related to local history. Recently, the museum opened the "Anne Kilcawley Christman Hands-on History Room". The MVHS Archival Library operates in the estate's former carriage house, located near the back of the site.
Located just south of the YSU campus is the Youngstown Historical Center of Industry and Labor, which sits on a grade overlooking the downtown area. This museum, owned and operated by the [[Ohio Historical Society]], focuses on the Mahoning Valley's history of steel production.<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.ohiohistory.org/places/youngst/ | title = Youngstown Historical Center of Industry & Labor | publisher = The Ohio Historical Society | accessdate = 2007-02-19
}}</ref> Other museums include the Children's Museum of the Valley,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.valleykids.org| title=Children's Museum of the Valley Homepage|publisher=Children's Museum of the Valley|accessdate=2007-02-18}}</ref> an interactive educational center located in the downtown area, and the Davis Education and Recreation Center, a small museum that showcases the history of Youngstown's [[Mill Creek Park]].<ref name="millcreek">{{cite web
| url = http://www.millcreekmetroparks.com/index2.asp |title = Mill Creek Metro Parks Homepage| publisher = Mill Creek Metro Parks|accessdate = 2007-02-17}}</ref>
On the city's north side the Tod Engine Foundation is constructing the Tod Engine Heritage Park, featuring a collection of steel industry equipment and artifacts. The main exhibit is a 1914 William Tod Co. rolling mill steam engine that was built in Youngstown and used at the Youngstown Sheet and Tube Brier Hill Works. The Tod Engine is one of three remaining rolling mill engines in the United States and is a Mechanical and Materials Engineering Landmark. http://www.todengine.org
===Parks===
Youngstown's most popular resource is Mill Creek Park, a five-mile (8 km)-long stretch of landscaped woodland reminiscent of [[Rock Creek Park]] in [[Washington, D.C.]] Mill Creek Park is the oldest park district in Ohio, established as a township park in 1891. The park's highlights include the restored 19th century Lanterman's Mill, the rock formations of Bear's Den, scores of nature trails, the [[Fellows Riverside Gardens]] and Nature Center, and the "Cinderella" iron link bridge.<ref name="mvhs">{{cite web
| url = http://www.mahoninghistory.org/wdyk21-park.htm |title = Mahoning Valley Historical Society page on Mill Creek Park| publisher = Mahoning Valley Historical Society|accessdate = 2007-02-17}}</ref><ref name="vindy-11-21-2007">{{cite news
| title = Silver Bridge Shines Again
| work = The Vindicator
| page = B-1
| date = [[November 21]], [[2007]]
}}</ref>
[[Image:cinderellabridge.jpg|right|thumb|Mill Creek Park's "Cinderella" iron link bridge]] Mill Creek Park encompasses approximately {{convert|2600|acre|km2}}, {{convert|20|mi|km}} of drives and {{convert|15|mi|km}} of foot trails. Its attractions include gardens, streams, lakes, woodlands, meadows, and wildlife.
The Nature Center's popular lookout point offers visitors contrasting views of the area. From the south side, the canopied woodlands overlooking Lake Glacier are visible; from the north side, visitors are presented with a view of downtown Youngstown. The park features two 18-hole golf courses. The North Course is situated on rolling terrain, while the South Course features narrow, tree-lined fairways.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.millcreekmetroparks.com/golf.htm | title = Championship Golf | publisher = Mill Creek Metro Parks| accessdate = 2007-11-02
}}</ref> Other features include playgrounds, athletic fields, and picnic areas.
In 2005, Mill Creek Park was placed on the [[National Register of Historic Places]].<ref name="vind-yo-06-14-2006">
{{cite news
| first = Harold
| last = Gwin
| title = Ceremony marks placement on National Register
| work = The Vindicator
| date = [[June 14]], [[2006]]
}}</ref> A plaque commemorating this event is located near a memorial statue of [[Volney Rogers]], the Youngstown attorney who set aside land for the creation of Mill Creek Park.<ref name="millcreek">{{cite web
| url = http://www.millcreekmetroparks.com/index2.asp |title = Mill Creek Metro Parks Homepage| publisher = Mill Creek Metro Parks|accessdate = 2007-02-17}}</ref>
A smaller recreational area called [[Wick Park]] is located on the historic north side. Wick Park's periphery is lined with early 20th-century mansions built by the city's industrialists, business leaders, and professionals during Youngstown's "boom" years.<ref name="pellegrini"/> Stambaugh Auditorium, a popular venue for concerts and other public events, is located near the park's southwestern edge.<ref name="stam"/> Several cemeteries (notably historic Oak Hill Cemetery) and small recreational spaces are scattered throughout the city.
==Sports==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" | Club
! scope="col" | League
! scope="col" | Venue
! scope="col" | Established
! scope="col" | Championships
|-
! scope="row" style="font-weight: normal;" | [[Youngstown SteelHounds]]
| [[Central Hockey League|CHL]], Ice hockey
| [[Chevrolet Centre]]
| 2005
| 0
|-
! scope="row" style="font-weight: normal;" | [[Mahoning Valley Thunder]]
| [[af2]], Arena football
| [[Chevrolet Centre]]
| 2006
| 0
|}
Youngstown has enjoyed a long tradition of professional and semi-professional sports.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.centerforworkingclassstudies.org/uploads/Documents/Baseball.html | title = Company Sports Teams and the Early Industrialization of Youngstown, Ohio | publisher = Youngstown State University | accessdate = 2007-03-08}}</ref> In earlier decades, the city produced scores of minor league baseball teams, including the [[Youngstown Ohio Works]], [[Youngstown Champs]], [[Youngstown Indians]], [[Youngstown Steelmen]], [[Youngstown Browns]], [[Youngstown Gremlins]], and Youngstown Athletics. Local enthusiasm for baseball was such that the community hosted championship games of the National Amateur Baseball Federation throughout the 1930s and 1940s.<ref name="ward">{{cite news
| first = Frank B.
| last = Ward
| title = Along the Sports Rialto
| work = The Youngstown Vindicator
| page = 7
| date = [[September 16]], [[1946]]
}}</ref> The area's minor league baseball teams were supplemented by semi-professional football teams, including the [[Youngstown Patricians]], which won the 1915 championship of what became the [[National Football League]],<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://footballresearch.com/articles/frpage.cfm?topic=yngstown | title = The Story of the Patricians | publisher = Professional Football Researchers Association | accessdate = 2007-02-18
}}</ref> and the [[Youngstown Hardhats]], which competed in the Middle Atlantic Football League in the 1970s and early 1980s. Youngstown is home to the [[Mahoning Valley Thunder]] of [[af2]], the minor league for the [[Arena Football League]].<ref name="vind-yo-03-31-2007">
{{cite news
| first = John
| last = Bassetti
| coauthors = Kovach, John
| title = Area breeds toughness, tradition; From players, coaches, officials, the area has been well-represented in the NFL.
| work = The Vindicator
| page = 1
| date = [[March 31]], [[2007]]
}}</ref> Local minor league basketball teams included the [[Youngstown Pride (basketball team)|Youngstown Pride]] (which played in the [[World Basketball League|WBA]] from 1987 to 1992), the [[Youngstown Hawks]] ([[International Basketball Association|IBA]], 1999), and the [[Mahoning Valley Wildcats]] ([[International Basketball League (2005-)|IBL]], 2005). Youngstown's Chevrolet Centre is the home of the [[Youngstown SteelHounds]] hockey team, which played in the [[Central Hockey League]] until May, 2008.
The metropolitan area's current minor league baseball team is the [[Mahoning Valley Scrappers]]. The team is the single-A short season affiliate of the Cleveland Indians and competes in the [[New York-Penn League]]. The Scrappers play at [[Eastwood Field]] in neighboring Niles. Since their first season of play in 1999, the team has developed into a successful minor-league franchise.
The community has a lengthy tradition of collegiate sports. The Youngstown State University Penguins, a major regional draw, compete in the [[Missouri Valley Football Conference]]. The Penguins, noted participants in FCS (I-AA) football, play their games at [[Stambaugh Stadium]] and enjoy one of the more supportive fan bases. All other YSU athletic teams compete in the [[Horizon League]]. The Youngstown State men and women's basketball teams hold their games at Youngstown State's [[Beeghly Center]]. The teams average about 2,500 fans per game, a number which has been on the rise the past two seasons with a new style of play under Head Coach Jerry Slocum. In addition, the YSU baseball and softball teams have enjoyed local support and success. The baseball team reached the NCAA super-regionals in 2005, and the softball team did so in 2006.<ref name="ysusports">{{cite web |url = http://www.ysu.edu/sports|title = YSU Sports Homepage |publisher = Youngstown State University |accessdate = 2007-02-18}}</ref>
Meanwhile, Youngstown has produced a significant number of [[boxing]] champions, including bantamweight [[Greg Richardson (boxer)|Greg Richardson]], lightweights [[Ray Mancini|Ray "Boom Boom" Mancini]] and [[Harry Arroyo]], middleweight [[Kelly Pavlik]], and cruiserweight [[Jeff Lampkin]].<ref name="vindy-12-05-99">
{{cite news
| first = John
| last = Bassetti
| title = Valley boxers, led by Mancini, ruled the ring
| work = The Vindicator
| date = [[December 5]], [[1999]]
}}</ref>
=== Building on tradition ===
One of the city's most recent sports-related attractions is the [[Chevrolet Centre]] (formerly the Youngstown Convocation Center), which was funded primarily through a $26 million federal grant. Located on the site of an abandoned steel mill, the large, high-tech facility opened in October 2005.<ref name="skolnick3">{{cite news
| first = David
| last = Skolnick
| title = Sealing the deal on Chevrolet Centre
| work = The Vindicator
| date = [[November 18]], [[2005]]
| accessdate = 2007-02-22
}}</ref> The Centre's main tenants are the Youngstown Steelhounds hockey team, who play in the [[Central Hockey League|CHL]], and the Mahoning Valley Thunder, an af2 arena football team which began play in 2007. The city plans to develop vacant land adjacent to the Centre. Plans included using the space for a park, riverwalk (the Mahoning River flows through the site), amphitheater, or athletic stadium for the city's public and private high schools.
Such investments reflect wide appreciation of Youngstown's athletic tradition, which has produced noted figures in a variety of sports. Prominent athletes with connections to the city include [[International Boxing Federation|IBF]] [[lightweight]] champion Harry Arroyo,<ref name="vindy-12-05-99"/> [[College Football Hall of Fame]] [[End (football)|end]] [[Bob Dove]],<ref name="vindy-09-21-75">
{{cite news
| title = Bob Dove, Ex-Notre Dame and Pro Standout, Elected to LA Citizen Savings Hall of Fame
| work = Youngstown Vindicator
| page = D-3
| date = [[September 21]], [[1975]]
}}</ref> [[Baseball Hall of Fame|Hall of Fame]] umpire [[Billy Evans]],<ref name="voice-yo-07-01-2005">
{{cite news
| first = Jon
| last = Baker
| title = In Valley's History, Evans Was an Early Scrapper
| work = The Valley Voice
| page = | date =[[July 1]] [[2005]]}}</ref> major league [[pitcher]] [[Dave Dravecky]],<ref name="dravecky">
{{cite news
| title = Dravecky Big Help in Padres' Bid for N. L. West Pennant
| work = The Youngstown Vindicator
| page = D-2
| date = [[August 15]], [[1982]]
}}</ref> [[NFL]] [[quarterback]] [[Bernie Kosar]],<ref name="vind-yo-03-31-2007"/> [[IBF]] cruiserweight champion Jeff Lampkin,<ref name="vindy-12-05-99"/> [[World Boxing Association|WBA]] lightweight champion Ray "Boom Boom" Mancini,<ref name="vindy-12-05-99"/> major league manager [[Jimmy McAleer]],<ref name="vind-yo-04-29-31b">
{{cite news
| title = Jim M'Aleer, Noted In Ball World, Is Dead
| work = The Youngstown Daily Vindicator
| page = 1
| date = [[April 29]], [[1931]]
}}</ref> current [[World Boxing Council|WBC]] and [[WBO]] middleweight champion Kelly Pavlik,<ref name="vind-yo-09-30-2007">
{{cite news
| first = Joe
| last = Scalzo
| title = Pavlik credits Valley support for victory
| work = The Vindicator
| page = 1
| date = [[September 30]], [[2007]]
}}</ref> legendary baseball trainer [[Bonesetter Reese|"Bonesetter" Reese]],<ref name="telegram-11-30-31">{{cite news
| title = Bonesetter Reese Is Dead At Age Of 76 – Career Ends For Man Who Devoted Life To Ministering To Sufferers
| work = The Youngstown Telegram
| date = [[November 30]], [[1931]]
}}</ref> major league [[outfielder]] [[George Shuba]],<ref name="kovach">{{cite news
| first = John
| last = Kovach
| title = 'Shotgun' George Shuba recounts his baseball life
| work = The Vindicator
| page = C-3
| date = [[August 12]] [[2007]]
| accessdate = 2007-08-12
}}</ref> and [[Heisman Trophy]] recipient [[Frank Sinkwich]].<ref name="vind-yo-03-31-2007"/>
=== Former attractions ===
Several of the city's recreational resources disappeared amid the economic hardships that began in the late 1970s. Among these was ''[[Idora Park, Youngstown|Idora Park]],'' an amusement park that served as a convenient alternative for residents who preferred not to travel to larger parks in Northern Ohio and Western Pennsylvania.<ref>Knepper (1989), p. 432.</ref> (These included ''[[Conneaut Lake Park]]'' in [[Conneaut Lake, Pennsylvania]], ''[[Geauga Lake]]'' in [[Aurora, Ohio]], ''[[Cedar Point]]'' in [[Sandusky, Ohio]], and ''[[Kennywood]]'' in [[Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania|Pittsburgh]].) The park, which closed in 1984, held sentimental value for many local residents and enjoyed a degree of historical significance. Former Youngstown resident [[Jack Warner]] noted in his autobiography that the [[Warner Bros.|Warner brothers]] took their first step into the movie business when they screened a used copy of ''[[The Great Train Robbery (1903 film)|The Great Train Robbery]]'' at ''Idora Park'' and other local venues.<ref>Warner (1964), pp. 49–54.</ref>
From the early 1900s to the mid-1970s, Youngstown was the retail center of the Mahoning Valley. There were two flagship department stores in the downtown area, including [[Strouss|Strouss Hirshberg's]] (later absorbed by [[Kaufmann's]], now part of [[Macy's]]) and McKelvey's (later [[Higbee's]], now part of [[Dillard's]]). Specialty shops lined the main artery of West Federal Street, and the district had four upscale [[movie theater]]s, including the Palace Theater, the Warner Brothers' Theater, the State Theater, and the Paramount Theater. These businesses were the first to close as a result of declining attendance in the 1950s, 1960s, and 1970s. In the early 1970s, the appearance of two suburban malls (the [[Southern Park Mall]], in Boardman, and the [[Eastwood Mall (Niles)|Eastwood Mall]], in Niles) hastened the closure or relocation of many businesses that remained. The collapse of the community's steel industry at the end of the decade created additional challenges for downtown business owners; and throughout the 1980s and 1990s, efforts to revive the former retail hub were unsuccessful.<ref>Linkon and Russo (2002), pp. 42–46.</ref>
== Redevelopment ==
[[Image:Youngstown1 003.jpg|thumb|left|The George Voinovich Center (left) and Mahoning County Children's Services Center (right)]]
Youngstown's cityscape includes relatively few contemporary buildings, and from certain angles, the downtown area appears to have changed little since the 1960s. Yet, downtown Youngstown has seen modest levels of new construction. Recent additions include the [[George Voinovich]] Government Center and state and federal courthouses: the Seventh District Court of Appeals and the [[Nathaniel R. Jones]] Federal Building and U.S. Courthouse. The latter features an award-winning design by the architectural firm, [[Robert A. M. Stern|Robert A. M. Stern Architects]].<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.gsa.gov/Portal/gsa/ep/contentView.do?programId=11433&channelId=-16863&ooid=18005&contentId=17873&pageTypeId=8195&contentType=GSA_BASIC&programPage=%2Fep%2Fprogram%2FgsaBasic.jsp&P=PL | title = Frank J. Battisti and Nathaniel R. Jones Federal Building and U.S. Courthouse | publisher = U.S. General Services Administration | accessdate = 2007-02-18
}}</ref>
In 2005, Federal Street, a major downtown thoroughfare that was closed off to create a pedestrian-oriented plaza, was reopened to through traffic. The downtown area has seen the razing of structurally unsound buildings and the expansion or restoration of others.<ref name="vindy-yo-09-21-06">{{cite news
| title = City unveils its new logo
| work = The Vindicator
| date = [[September 21]], [[2006]]
| accessdate = 2007-03-14
}}</ref>
=== Construction and business development ===
[[Image:Youngstown1 002.jpg|thumb|right|Recently re-opened Federal Street]]
In 2004, construction began on a 60-home upscale development called Arlington Heights, and a grant from the [[United States Department of Housing and Urban Development]] allowed for the demolition of Westlake Terrace, a sprawling and dilapidated public housing project. Today, the site features a blend of senior housing, rental townhouses and for-sale single-family homes. Low real-estate prices and the efforts of the Youngstown Central Area Improvement Corporation (CIC) have contributed to the purchase of several long-abandoned downtown buildings (many by out-of-town investors) and their restoration and conversion into specialty shops, restaurants, and eventually condominiums. Further, a nonprofit organization called Wick Neighbors is planning a $250 million [[New Urbanist]] revitalization of Smoky Hollow, a former ethnic neighborhood that borders the downtown and university campus. The neighborhood will eventually comprise about 400 residential units, university student housing, retail space, and a central park.<ref name="skolnick2">{{cite news
| first = David
| last = Skolnick
| title = City is looking up expert says
| work = The Vindicator
| date = [[May 4]], [[2006]]
| accessdate = 2007-02-14
}}</ref> Construction for the project began in 2006.
New construction has dovetailed with efforts to cultivate business growth. One of the area's more successful business ventures in recent years has been the Youngstown Business Incubator. This nonprofit organization, based in a former downtown department store building, fosters the growth of fledgling technology-based companies. The incubator, which boasts more than a dozen business tenants, has begun construction on a multi-million dollar downtown technology center, where some of its largest firms will relocate.<ref name="shilling"/>
=== Crime control ===
Meanwhile, the city has attempted to come to terms with its troubling reputation for crime and corruption. In the late 1950s and early 1960s, Youngstown was nationally identified with gangland slayings that were often committed with car bombs.<ref name="heltzel">{{cite news
| first = Bill
| last = Heltzel
| title = Mob Rule in Youngstown
| work = The Pittsburgh Post-Gazette
| page = C-1
| date = [[December 7]], [[1997]]
}}</ref> Hence, the town gained the nickname "Murder City", and the phrase "Youngstown tune-up" became a regionally popular slang term for car-bomb assassination.<ref name="grann">{{cite news
| first = David
| last = Grann
| title = Crimetown USA - The city that fell in love with the mob.
| work = The New Republic
| page = 23
| date = [[July 10]], [[2000]]
| accessdate = 2007-02-15
}}</ref> This dubious image has been reinforced by the widely reported fact that five prisons operate within the metropolitan area.<ref name="clines">{{cite news
| first = Francis X.
| last = Clines
| title = Imprisoned fathers tell their children: don't follow in our footsteps.
| work = The New York Times
| pages = 9–10
| date = [[July 2]], [[2000]]
| accessdate = 2007-02-15
}}</ref> The city, however, has accelerated measures to limit the influence of organized crime upon all sectors of municipal life. For some observers, the climax of this ongoing effort was the arrest, trial, and 2002 conviction of former U.S. [[United States House of Representatives|Representative]] [[James A. Traficant Jr.|James A. Traficant, Jr.]], on bribery, tax fraud, and racketeering charges.<ref name="clines2">{{cite news
| first = Francis X.
| last = Clines
| title = Ohio Congressman guilty in bribery and kickbacks
| work = The New York Times
| date = [[April 12]], [[2002]]
| accessdate = 2007-02-14
}}</ref> Meanwhile, the municipal government has responded to a rise in gang- and drug-related violence by increasing the presence of police in urban neighborhoods. In the course of enforcing traffic laws and issuing warrants, police and state troopers have apprehended serious criminal offenders.<ref name="vindy-yo-02-16-07">{{cite news
| title = Zero tolerance means numerous changes
| work = The Vindicator
| date = [[February 16]], [[2007]]
| accessdate = 2007-02-14
}}</ref> Despite these efforts, crime remains a serious problem. In March 2008, Youngstown recorded its ninth homicide of the year, a figure that includes a January arson fire that left six people dead.<ref name="vindy-yo-03-37-08">{{cite news
| title = Dog finds murder victim on East Side
| work = The Vindicator
| date = [[March 27]], [[2008]]
| accessdate = 2008-03-27</ref>
===Renewal plan===
In line with these efforts to change the community's image, the city government, in partnership with the university, has organized an ambitious urban renewal plan titled Youngstown 2010. The stated goals of Youngstown 2010 include the creation of a "cleaner, greener, and better planned and organized Youngstown". In January 2005, the organization unveiled its "master plan", which took shape in the course of several public meetings that featured input from citizens. The plan, which received national attention, is consistent with efforts in other metropolitan areas to address the phenomenon of urban depopulation.<ref name="nasser"/> Given that the communities to the south and west of the city continue to enjoy a measure of economic prosperity, supporters of such projects hold out hope for the revitalization of Youngstown.
== Neighborhoods ==
[[Image:Youngstown2 030.jpg|thumb|left|Downtown's Central Square (Federal Plaza) from the east.]]
{|
|valign="top"|
* Beachwood
* Boulevard Park
* [[Brier Hill]]
* Brownlee Woods
* Buckeye
* Cornersburg
* [[Downtown Youngstown|Downtown]]
* Fifth Avenue
* [[Fosterville]]
* Garden District
* [[Hazelton (Youngstown, Ohio)|Hazelton]]
* Idora
* Indian Village
* Kirkmere
* Lansdowne
|valign="top"|
* [[Lansingville]]
* [[Lincoln Knolls]]
* Mahoning Commons
* Newport
* [[North Heights]]
* Oak Hill
* Ohio Works
* Performance Place
* Pleasant Grove
* Riverbend
* Salt Springs
* Schenley
* Sharon Line
* [[Smoky Hollow (neighborhood)|Smoky Hollow]]
* University
|}
== Transportation ==
The Youngstown area is served by the Western Reserve Transit Authority (WRTA) bus system, which is supported through income tax. WRTA, whose main terminal is located in the downtown area, provides service throughout the city and into surrounding Mahoning and Trumbull counties. The downtown terminal serves as the Youngstown area's [[Greyhound Lines|Greyhound]] terminal.<ref>[http://www.wrtaonline.com/ WRTA Youngstown.] Western Reserve Transit Authority. Retrieved on [[2007-03-07]]</ref>
Located in the vicinity of the WRTA terminal is a former [[Baltimore and Ohio Railroad]] station. The historic terminal building, which has been converted into a banquet hall, served as a train station from 1995 to 2005.<ref>[http://www.banquetatthebno.com/index2.html Rental information.] The B & O Station Banquet Hall. Retrieved on [[2007-03-07]]</ref> The local railroads now serve cargo trains exclusively.
The only airport within the city limits is the [[Lansdowne Airport]], located on the city's east side. This facility is used for general aviation. The metropolitan area's main airport is the [[Youngstown-Warren Regional Airport]] (YNG), located in nearby [[Vienna, Ohio]]. The only commercial route available at this airport is a flight to [[Orlando, Florida]] through [[Allegiant Air]].<ref>[http://www.yngwrnair.com/index.html Homepage.] Youngstown-Warren Regional Airport Homepage (2006). Retrieved on [[2007-03-07]]</ref> Most valley residents take advantage of larger airports such as [[Cleveland Hopkins International Airport]], [[Akron-Canton Regional Airport]], and [[Pittsburgh International Airport]].
==Media==
Youngstown features diverse media, including television, print and radio. Newspapers include ''The Buckeye Review'' (bi-monthly/ African-American), ''The Business Journal'' (bi-monthly/business), ''The Catholic Exponent'' (bi-monthly/religious), ''The Jambar'' (bi-weekly/college), ''The Jewish Journal'' (monthly/Jewish), ''The Metro Monthly'' (monthly/news, features, calendar), ''The Morning Journal'' (daily/[[Columbiana County]] news), ''The Review'' (weekly/news, features), ''Senior News'' (monthly/seniors), ''The Journal'' (weekly/Struthers, Campbell and Lowellville), ''Parent Magazine'' (monthly/children's), ''Peace Action Youngstown'' {quarterly/peace activism), ''The Town Crier'' (weekly/suburban news), ''The Tribune Chronicle'' (daily/regional news), and the ''[[The Vindicator]]'' (daily/regional news).
Youngstown is served by 10 television stations, three of which are low-power repeaters of TV stations in other cities.<ref name="radiostationworld">{{cite web | url = http://radiostationworld.com/locations/United_States_of_America/Ohio/tv_information.asp?m=you | title = Ohio TV Information | publisher = Radio Station World | accessdate = 2007-11-20}}</ref> This is unusual for a mid-sized city located near large metro areas such as Cleveland and Pittsburgh. Nearby Akron, with a larger population than Youngstown and Warren combined, has no local television stations and relies on Cleveland for its local news. The community's 273,480 television households make the Youngstown market the nation's 106th largest, according to Nielsen Media Research.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nielsenmedia.com/nc/portal/site/Public/menuitem.55dc65b4a7d5adff3f65936147a062a0/?vgnextoid=bc0e47f8b5264010VgnVCM100000880a260aRCRD|publisher=[[Nielsen Media Research]] | title = Sampling the Population | date=2006-09-23 | accessdate=2007-11-20}}</ref>
The market is served by stations affiliated with major American networks including: [[WFMJ-TV]] (channel 21, [[NBC]]), [[WYTV]] (channel 33, [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]]), [[WYFX-LP]] (channel 17/62, [[Fox Broadcasting Company|Fox]]), [[WKBN-TV]] (channel 27, [[CBS]]), [[MY-YTV]] (channel 33.2, [[My Network TV|MNTV]]), and [[WBCB (The CW Plus)|WBCB]] (channel 20.2, [[The CW Television Network|The CW]]). [[WNEO]] (channel 45) and [[WNEO|WEAO]] (channel 49) are members of [[Public Broadcasting Service|PBS]].
Youngstown is served by 37 different [[radio station]]s in the metropolitan area which makes it the 119th largest radio market in the United States. Stations include 17 on the [[AM broadcasting|AM band]] and 20 on the [[FM broadcasting|FM band]]. The majority of the most powerful and popular radio stations in the Youngstown-Warren market are divided between two conglomerates: [[Clear Channel Communications|Clear Channel]] and [[Cumulus Media]].
== Youngstown's sister cities ==
*{{flagicon|Italy}} [[Salerno]] (SA), [[Italy]]
*{{flagicon|Slovakia}} [[Spisska Nova Ves]], [[Slovakia]]
*{{flagicon|Palestine}} [[Al-Bireh]], [[Palestinian territories]]
== Famous Youngstowners and former Steel Valley residents ==
{{main|List of people from Youngstown, Ohio}}
== Notes ==
{{reflist}}
== References ==
* Aley, Howard C. (1975). ''A Heritage to Share: The Bicentennial History of Youngstown and the Mahoning Valley''. Youngstown, OH: The Bicentennial Commission of Youngstown and Mahoning County, Ohio.
* Blue, Frederick J.; Jenkins, William D.; Lawson, William H.; Reedy, Joan M. (1995). ''Mahoning Memories: A History of Youngstown and Mahoning County''. Virginia Beach, VA: The Donning Company. ISBN 0898659442.
* Brody, David (1960). ''Steelworkers in America''. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
* Bruno, Robert (1999). ''Steelworker Alley: How Class Works in Youngstown''. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. ISBN 0801434394.
* Fuechtmann, Thomas G. (1989). ''Steeples and Stacks: Religion and Steel Crisis in Youngstown''. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521334810.
* Jenkins, William D. (1990). ''Steel Valley Klan: The Ku KLux Klan in Ohio's Mahoning Valley''. Kent, OH: Kent State University Press. ISBN 0873384156.
* Knepper, George W. (1989). ''Ohio and Its People''. Kent, OH: Kent State University Press. ISBN 087338377X.
* Lemann, Nicholas (1991). ''The Promised Land: The Great Black Migration and How It Changed America.'' New York: Vintage Books. ISBN 0679733477.
* Linkon, Sherry Lee; Russo, John (2002). ''Steeltown U.S.A.: Work & Memory in Youngstown''. Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas. ISBN 0700611614.
* Warner, Jack L. (1964). ''My First Hundred Years in Hollywood''. New York: Random House.
== External links ==
{{sisterlinks|Youngstown}}
* [http://www.cityofyoungstownoh.org Official Website of the City of Youngstown]
* [http://www.youngstown2010.com Youngstown 2010] – a citywide revitalization effort
* [http://www.youngstownsteel.com Youngstown Steel] – website dedicated to the history of Youngstown's steel industry
* [http://www.vindy.com The ''Vindicator''] – published daily since 1869
* [http://www.hometownjournal.biz The ''Hometown Journal''] - Weekly newspaper featuring Youngstown news
* [http://www.metromonthly.net ''The Metro Monthly''] – Youngstown area monthly news and features publication
{{Youngstown}}
{{Mahoning County, Ohio}}
{{Ohio}}
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[[Category:Settlements established in 1796]]
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