Ytterbium 34240 226125569 2008-07-16T22:47:10Z Domitori 990480 /* Yb as dopant of active media */ shorten figure description {{redirect|Yb|the unit of information|Yottabit}} {{Elementbox_header | number=70 | symbol=Yb | name=ytterbium | left=[[thulium]] | right=[[lutetium]] | above=- | below=[[nobelium|No]] | color1=#ffbfff | color2=black }} {{Elementbox_series | [[lanthanide]]s }} {{Elementbox_periodblock | period=6 | block=f }} {{Elementbox_appearance_img | Yb,70| silvery white }} {{Elementbox_atomicmass_gpm | 173.04[[List of elements by atomic mass|(3)]] }} {{Elementbox_econfig | &#91;[[xenon|Xe]]&#93; 4f<sup>14</sup> 6s<sup>2</sup> }} {{Elementbox_epershell | 2, 8, 18, 32, 8, 2 }} {{Elementbox_section_physicalprop | color1=#ffbfff | color2=black }} {{Elementbox_phase | [[solid]] }} {{Elementbox_density_gpcm3nrt | 6.90 }} {{Elementbox_densityliq_gpcm3mp | 6.21 }} {{Elementbox_meltingpoint | k=1097 | c=824 | f=1515 }} {{Elementbox_boilingpoint | k=1469 | c=1196 | f=2185 }} {{Elementbox_heatfusion_kjpmol | 7.66 }} {{Elementbox_heatvaporiz_kjpmol | 159 }} {{Elementbox_heatcapacity_jpmolkat25 | 26.74 }} {{Elementbox_vaporpressure_katpa | 736 | 813 | 910 | 1047 | (1266) | (1465) | comment= }} {{Elementbox_section_atomicprop | color1=#ffbfff | color2=black }} {{Elementbox_crystalstruct | cubic face centered }} {{Elementbox_oxistates | 2,3<br />([[base (chemistry)|basic]] oxide) }} {{Elementbox_electroneg_pauling | ? 1.1 }} {{Elementbox_ionizationenergies4 | 603.4 | 1174.8 | 2417 }} {{Elementbox_atomicradius_pm | 175 }} {{Elementbox_atomicradiuscalc_pm | 222 }} {{Elementbox_section_miscellaneous | color1=#ffbfff | color2=black }} {{Elementbox_magnetic | no data }} {{Elementbox_eresist_ohmm | ([[room temperature|r.t.]]) (β, poly)<br />0.250 µ}} {{Elementbox_thermalcond_wpmkat300k | 38.5 }} {{Elementbox_thermalexpansion_umpmk | ([[room temperature|r.t.]]) (β, poly)<br />26.3 }} {{Elementbox_speedofsound_rodmpsat20 | 1590 }} {{Elementbox_youngsmodulus_gpa | (β form) 23.9 }} {{Elementbox_shearmodulus_gpa | (β form) 9.9 }} {{Elementbox_bulkmodulus_gpa | (β form) 30.5 }} {{Elementbox_poissonratio | (β form) 0.207 }} {{Elementbox_vickershardness_mpa | 206 }} {{Elementbox_brinellhardness_mpa | 343 }} {{Elementbox_cas_number | 7440-64-4 }} {{Elementbox_isotopes_begin | color1=#ffbfff | color2=black }} {{Elementbox_isotopes_decay | mn=166 | sym=Yb | na=[[synthetic radioisotope|syn]] | hl=56.7 h | dm=[[electron capture|ε]] | de=0.304 | pn=166 | ps=[[thulium|Tm]] }} {{Elementbox_isotopes_stable | mn=168 | sym=Yb | na=0.13% | n=98 }} {{Elementbox_isotopes_decay | mn=169 | sym=Yb | na=[[synthetic radioisotope|syn]] | hl=32.026 d | dm=[[electron capture|ε]] | de=0.909 | pn=169 | ps=[[thulium|Tm]] }} {{Elementbox_isotopes_stable | mn=170 | sym=Yb | na=3.04% | n=100 }} {{Elementbox_isotopes_stable | mn=171 | sym=Yb | na=14.28% | n=101 }} {{Elementbox_isotopes_stable | mn=172 | sym=Yb | na=21.83% | n=102 }} {{Elementbox_isotopes_stable | mn=173 | sym=Yb | na=16.13% | n=103 }} {{Elementbox_isotopes_stable | mn=174 | sym=Yb | na=31.83% | n=104 }} {{Elementbox_isotopes_decay | mn=175 | sym=Yb | na=[[synthetic radioisotope|syn]] | hl=4.185 [[day|d]] | dm=[[beta emission|β<sup>-</sup>]] | de=0.470 | pn=175 | ps=[[lutetium|Lu]] }} {{Elementbox_isotopes_stable | mn=176 | sym=Yb | na=12.76% | n=106 }} {{Elementbox_isotopes_decay | mn=177 | sym=Yb | na=[[synthetic radioisotope|syn]] | hl=1.911 [[hour|h]] | dm=[[beta emission|β<sup>-</sup>]] | de=1.399 | pn=177 | ps=[[lutetium|Lu]] }} {{Elementbox_isotopes_end}} {{Elementbox_footer | color1=#ffbfff | color2=black }} '''Ytterbium''' ({{pronEng|ɪˈtɝbiəm}}) is a [[chemical element]] with the symbol '''Yb''' and [[atomic number]] 70. A soft silvery metallic element, ytterbium is a [[Rare earth element|rare earth]] of the [[lanthanide series]] and is found in the minerals [[gadolinite]], [[monazite]], and [[xenotime]]. The element is sometimes associated with [[yttrium]] or other related elements and is used in certain [[steel]]s. Natural ytterbium is a mix of seven stable [[isotope]]s. == Characteristics == Ytterbium is a soft, [[malleability|malleable]] and rather [[ductility|ductile]] element that exhibits a bright silvery [[Lustre (mineralogy)|luster]]. A rare earth element, it is easily attacked and dissolved by [[mineral acid]]s, slowly [[chemical reaction|reacts]] with [[water]], and [[oxidation|oxidizes]] in air. Ytterbium has three [[allotrope]]s which are called alpha, beta and gamma and whose transformation points are at &minus;13 °[[Celsius|C]] and 795 °C. The beta form exists at room temperature and has a face-centered [[crystal structure]] while the high-temperature gamma form has a body-centered crystal structure. Normally, the beta form has a [[metal]]lic-like [[electrical conductivity]], but becomes a [[semiconductor]] when exposed to around 16,000 [[atmospheric pressure|atm]] (1.6 [[gigapascal|GPa]]). Its electrical [[resistivity]] is tenfold larger at about 39,000 atm (3.9 GPa) but then drops dramatically, to around 10% of its room temperature resistivity value, at 40,000 atm (4 GPa). Ytterbium is one of the lanthanides that is able to become divalent. Like the other potentially divalent lanthanides, samarium and europium, it is capable of being extracted into mercury by the use of sodium amalgam, which made it one of the easier lanthanides to purify using classical techniques. However, this divalency was not discovered until the 20th century. == History == Ytterbium was [[discovery of the chemical elements|discovered]] by the Swiss chemist [[Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac]] in 1878. Marignac found a new component in the earth then known as [[erbia]] and named it ytterbia (after [[Ytterby]], the Swedish town where he found the new erbia component). He suspected that ytterbia was a compound of a new element he called ytterbium. In 1907, the French chemist [[Georges Urbain]] separated Marignac's ytterbia into two components, neoytterbia and lutecia. Neoytterbia would later become known as the element ytterbium and lutecia would later be known as the element [[lutetium]]. [[Auer von Welsbach]] independently isolated these elements from ytterbia at about the same time but called them aldebaranium and cassiopeium. The chemical and physical properties of ytterbium could not be determined until 1953 when the first nearly pure ytterbium was produced. == Occurrence == Ytterbium is found with other [[rare earth element]]s in several rare [[mineral]]s. It is most often recovered commercially from [[monazite]] sand (0.03% ytterbium). The element is also found in [[euxenite]] and [[xenotime]]. Ytterbium is normally difficult to separate from other rare earths but [[ion-exchange]] and [[solvent extraction]] techniques developed in the late 20th century have simplified separation. Known [[chemical compound|compounds]] of ytterbium are rare&mdash;they haven't been well characterized yet. == Isotopes == {{main|Isotopes of ytterbium}} Naturally occurring ytterbium is composed of 7 stable [[isotope]]s, Yb-168, Yb-170, Yb-171, Yb-172, Yb-173, Yb-174, and Yb-176, with Yb-174 being the most abundant (31.83% [[natural abundance]]). 27 [[radioisotope]]s have been characterized, with the most stable being Yb-169 with a [[half-life]] of 32.026 days, Yb-175 with a half-life of 4.185 days, and Yb-166 with a half life of 56.7 hours. All of the remaining [[radioactive]] isotopes have half-lifes that are less than 2 hours, and the majority of these have half lifes that are less than 20 minutes. This element also has 12 [[meta state]]s, with the most stable being Yb-169m (''t''<sub>½</sub> 46 seconds). The isotopes of ytterbium range in [[atomic weight]] from 147.9674 [[atomic mass unit|u]] (Yb-148) to 180.9562 u (Yb-181). The primary [[decay mode]] before the most abundant stable isotope, Yb-174 is [[electron capture]], and the primary mode after is [[beta emission]]. The primary [[decay product]]s before Yb-174 are element 69 ([[thulium]]) isotopes, and the primary products after are element 71 ([[lutetium]]) isotopes. Of interest to modern [[quantum optics]], the different ytterbium isotopes follow either [[Bose-Einstein statistics]] or [[Fermi-Dirac statistics]], leading to interesting behavior in [[optical lattice]]s. == Precautions == Although ytterbium is fairly stable, it nevertheless should be stored in closed containers to protect it from air and moisture. All compounds of ytterbium should be treated as highly [[toxic]] although initial studies appear to indicate that the danger is limited. Ytterbium compounds are, however, known to cause [[skin]] and [[eye]] irritation and may be [[teratogenic]]. Metallic ytterbium dust poses a [[fire]] and [[explosion]] hazard. ==Compounds== *[[Halides]]: [[Ytterbium(II) chloride|YbCl<sub>2</sub>]], [[Ytterbium(III) bromide|YbBr<sub>3</sub>]], [[Ytterbium(III) chloride|YbCl<sub>3</sub>]], [[Ytterbium(III) fluoride|YbF<sub>3</sub>]] *[[Oxides]]: [[Ytterbium(III) oxide|Yb<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>]] {{seealso|:Category:Ytterbium compounds}} {{Expand-section|date=June 2008}} == Applications == Usually, very small amount of Yb is used; either small sample of radioactive isotope as source of [[X-ray]]s, or small concentration dopant. ===Source of X-rays=== The <sup>169</sup>Yb [[isotope]] has been used as a [[radiation]] source substitute for a portable [[X-ray]] machine when [[electricity]] was not available. Like X-rays, [[gamma rays]] pass through soft tissues of the body, but are blocked by bones and other dense materials. Thus, small <sup>169</sup>Yb samples (which emit gamma rays) act like tiny X-ray machines useful for [[radiography]] of small objects. ===Doping of [[stainless steel]]=== Ytterbium could also be used to help improve the grain refinement, strength, and other mechanical properties of [[stainless steel]]. Some ytterbium [[alloy]]s have been used in [[dentistry]]. ===Yb as dopant of active media=== [[Image:YbYAGspectra.gif|300px|right|thumb|Absorption and emission in Yb:YAG ceramics versus wavelength. Red: Emission cross-section; Blue: Absorption cross-section; black dotted: fit of both cross-sections. <ref name="kouz05"> {{cite journal |author=D.Kouznetsov |coauthors=J.-F.Bisson, K.Takaichi, K.Ueda |title=Single-mode solid-state laser with short wide unstable cavity |url=http://josab.osa.org/abstract.cfm?id=84730 |journal=[[JOSAB]]|volume=22| issue=8| pages=1605–1619 |year=2005 |doi=10.1364/JOSAB.22.001605 }}</ref>]] Yb is used as dopant in [[optics materials]], usually in the form of [[ion]]s in [[active laser medium|active laser media]]. Several powerful [[double-clad fiber]] lasers and [[disk laser]]s use Yb<sup>3+</sup> ions as [[dopant]] at concentration of several [[atomic percent]]. Glasses (optical fibers), crystals and ceramics with Yb<sup>3+</sup> are used. Ytterbium is often used as a [[Doping (semiconductors)|doping material]] (as Yb<sup>3+</sup>) for high power and wavelength-tunable [[solid state laser]]s. Yb lasers commonly radiate in the 1.06–1.12µm band being optically pumped at wavelength 900nm–1µm, dependently on the host and application. Small [[quantum defect]] makes Yb prospective dopant for efficient lasers and [[power scaling]]. The kinetic of excitations in Yb-doped materials is simple and can be described within concept of [[effective cross-section]]s; for the most of Yb-doped laser materials (as for many other optically-pumped gain media), the [[McCumber relation]] holds <ref name="mc"> {{cite journal |author=D.E.McCumber |title= Einstein relations connecting broadband emission and absorption spectra |journal= [[Physical Review B|PRB]] |volume= 136 |issue=4A |pages=954–957 |year=1964 }} </ref><ref name="B">P.C.Becker, N.A.Olson, J.R.Simpson. ''Erbium-doped fiber amplifiers: fundamentals and theory'' (Academic, 1999). </ref><ref name="kouz05"> {{cite journal |author=D.Kouznetsov |coauthors=J.-F.Bisson, K.Takaichi, K.Ueda |title=Single-mode solid-state laser with short wide unstable cavity |url=http://josab.osa.org/abstract.cfm?id=84730 |journal=[[JOSAB]]|volume=22| issue=8| pages=1605–1619 |year=2005 |doi=10.1364/JOSAB.22.001605 }}</ref>, although the application to the Yb-doped [[composite materials]] was under discussion <ref name="McCumberA"> {{cite journal |author=D. Kouznetsov |title=Comment on Efficient diode-pumped Yb:Gd<sub>2</sub>SiO<sub>5</sub> laser , Appl. Phys. Lett. 88, 221117 (2006) |journal=[[Applied Physics Letters]] |volume=90 |year=2007 |url= http://link.aip.org/link/?APPLAB/90/066101/1 |issn=00036951 |pages=066101 |doi=10.1063/1.2435309 }}</ref><ref name="McCumberB">{{cite journal |author=Guangjun Zhao |coauthors=Liangbi Su, Jun Xu, Heping Zeng |title=Response to Comment on Efficient diode-pumped Yb:Gd<sub>2</sub>SiO<sub>5</sub> laser, Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 066101 (2007), |journal=[[Applied Physics Letters]] |volume=90 |pages=066103 |year=2007 |doi=10.1063/1.2435314 |url=http://link.aip.org/link/?APPLAB/90/066103/1 |unused_data=|ISSN: 00036951 }}</ref>. Usually, low concentrations of Yb are used. At high concentration of excitations, the Yb-doped materials show [[photodarkening]] <ref name="photodarkening"> {{cite journal |author=Joona J. Koponen |coauthors= Mikko J. Söderlund, Hanna J. Hoffman, and Simo K. T. Tammela |title= Measuring photodarkening from single-mode ytterbium doped silica fibers |journal=[[Optics Express]] |volume=14 |issue=24 |pages=11539–11544 |url=http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?id=119153 |doi= 10.1364/OE.14.011539 |year= 2006 }} </ref> (glass fibers) or ever switch to the broadband emission <ref name="avalanche">{{cite journal |author=J.-F. Bisson |coauthors= D.Kouznetsov, K.Ueda, S.T. Fredrich-Thornton, K.Petermann, G.Huber |title=Switching of emissivity and photoconductivity in highly doped Yb<sup>3+</sup>:Y<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> and Lu<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> ceramics |journal=[[Applied Physics Letters]] |volume=90 |pages= 201901 (3 pages) |year=2007 |url=http://link.aip.org/link/?APPLAB/90/201901/1 |doi=10.1063/1.2739318 |issn=00036951 }}</ref> (crystals and ceramics) instead of the efficient laser action. This effect may be related with not only [[overheating]], but also conditions of the [[charge compensation]] at high concentration of Yb ions <ref>{{cite journal |author=N.V.Sochinskii |coauthors=M.Abellan, J.Rodriguez-Fernandez, E.Saucedo, C.M.Ruiz, V.Bermudez |title=Effect of Yb concentration on the resistivity and lifetime of CdTe:Ge:Yb codoped crystals |year=2007 |journal=[[Applied Physics Letters]] |volume=91 |issue=20 |pages=202112 |url=http://link.aip.org/link/?APPLAB/91/202112/1 |doi=10.1063/1.2815644 }}</ref>. ===Solar cells=== Ytterbium has a single [[absorption band]] at 985 [[Metre|nanometer]]s, which is used to convert [[infrared]] energy into electricity in [[solar cell]]s. {{Expand-section|date=July 2008}} ==See also== *[[Erbium]] *[[Terbium]] *[[Yttrium]] == References == <references/> Also: * [http://periodic.lanl.gov/elements/70.html Los Alamos National Laboratory &ndash; Ytterbium] * ''Guide to the Elements &ndash; Revised Edition'', Albert Stwertka, (Oxford University Press; 1998) ISBN 0-19-508083-1 * [http://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele070.html It's Elemental &ndash; Ytterbium] == External links == {{Commons|Ytterbium}} {{wiktionary|ytterbium}} * [http://www.webelements.com/webelements/elements/text/Yb/index.html WebElements.com &ndash; Ytterbium] (also used as a reference) {{clear}} {{Compact periodic table}} [[Category:Chemical elements]] [[Category:Lanthanides]] <!-- interwiki --> [[ar:إتيربيوم]] [[bn:ইটারবিয়াম]] [[be:Ітэрбій]] [[bs:Iterbijum]] [[ca:Iterbi]] [[cs:Ytterbium]] [[co:Itterbiu]] [[da:Ytterbium]] [[de:Ytterbium]] [[et:Üterbium]] [[el:Υττέρβιο]] [[es:Iterbio]] [[eo:Iterbio]] [[eu:Iterbio]] [[fa:ایتربیوم]] [[fr:Ytterbium]] [[fur:Iterbi]] [[gv:Ytterbium]] [[gl:Iterbio]] [[ko:이터븀]] [[hy:Իտերբիում]] [[hr:Iterbij]] [[io:Yiterbio]] [[id:Iterbium]] [[is:Ytterbín]] [[it:Itterbio]] [[he:איטרביום]] [[jv:Iterbium]] [[la:Ytterbium]] [[lv:Iterbijs]] [[lb:Ytterbium]] [[lt:Iterbis]] [[jbo:jinmrtiterbi]] [[hu:Itterbium]] [[ml:യിറ്റെര്‍ബിയം]] [[nl:Ytterbium]] [[ja:イッテルビウム]] [[no:Ytterbium]] [[nn:Ytterbium]] [[pl:Iterb]] [[pt:Itérbio]] [[ro:Yterbiu]] [[ru:Иттербий]] [[scn:Itterbiu]] [[simple:Ytterbium]] [[sk:Yterbium]] [[sl:Iterbij]] [[sr:Итербијум]] [[sh:Iterbijum]] [[fi:Ytterbium]] [[sv:Ytterbium]] [[th:อิตเทอร์เบียม]] [[tr:İterbiyum]] [[uk:Ітербій]] [[zh:镱]]