Yttrium 34239 224181760 2008-07-07T18:18:44Z 147.126.144.176 {{Elementbox_header | number=39 | symbol=Y | name=yttrium | left=[[strontium]] | right=[[zirconium]] | above=[[scandium|Sc]] | below=[[lutetium|Lu]] | color1=#ffc0c0 | color2=black }} {{Elementbox_series | [[transition metal]]s }} {{Elementbox_groupperiodblock | group=3 | period=5 | block=d }} {{Elementbox_appearance_img | Y,39| silvery white }} {{Elementbox_atomicmass_gpm | [[1 E-25 kg|88.90585]][[List of elements by atomic mass|(2)]] }} {{Elementbox_econfig | &#91;[[krypton|Kr]]&#93; 4d<sup>1</sup> 5s<sup>2</sup> }} {{Elementbox_epershell | 2, 8, 18, 9, 2 }} {{Elementbox_section_physicalprop | color1=#ffc0c0 | color2=black }} {{Elementbox_phase | [[solid]] }} {{Elementbox_density_gpcm3nrt | 4.472 }} {{Elementbox_densityliq_gpcm3mp | 4.24 }} {{Elementbox_meltingpoint | k=1799 | c=1526 | f=2779 }} {{Elementbox_boilingpoint | k=3609 | c=3336 | f=6037 }} {{Elementbox_heatfusion_kjpmol | 11.42 }} {{Elementbox_heatvaporiz_kjpmol | 365 }} {{Elementbox_heatcapacity_jpmolkat25 | 26.53 }} {{Elementbox_vaporpressure_katpa | 1883 | 2075 | (2320) | (2627) | (3036) | (3607) | comment= }} {{Elementbox_section_atomicprop | color1=#ffc0c0 | color2=black }} {{Elementbox_crystalstruct | hexagonal }} {{Elementbox_oxistates | 3, 2,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.webelements.com/webelements/compounds/text/Y/H2Y1-13598351.html|title=Yttrium: yttrium(II) hydride compound data|accessdate=2007-12-10|publisher=WebElements.com}}</ref> 1,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.openmopac.net/data_normal/yttrium(i)%20bromide_jmol.html|title=Yttrium: yttrium(I) bromide compound data|accessdate=2007-12-10|publisher=OpenMOPAC.net}}</ref><br />(weakly [[base (chemistry)|basic]] oxide) }} {{Elementbox_electroneg_pauling | 1.22 }} {{Elementbox_ionizationenergies4 | 600 | 1180 | 1980 }} {{Elementbox_atomicradius_pm | [[1 E-10 m|180]] }} {{Elementbox_atomicradiuscalc_pm | [[1 E-10 m|212]] }} {{Elementbox_covalentradius_pm | [[1 E-10 m|162]] }} {{Elementbox_section_miscellaneous | color1=#ffc0c0 | color2=black }} {{Elementbox_magnetic | no data }} {{Elementbox_eresist_ohmm | ([[room temperature|r.t.]]) (α, poly) 596 n}} {{Elementbox_thermalcond_wpmkat300k | 17.2 }} {{Elementbox_thermalexpansion_umpmk | ([[room temperature|r.t.]]) (α, poly)<br />10.6 }} {{Elementbox_speedofsound_rodmpsat20 | 3300 }} {{Elementbox_youngsmodulus_gpa | 63.5 }} {{Elementbox_shearmodulus_gpa | 25.6 }} {{Elementbox_bulkmodulus_gpa | 41.2 }} {{Elementbox_poissonratio | 0.243 }} {{Elementbox_brinellhardness_mpa | 589 }} {{Elementbox_cas_number | 7440-65-5 }} {{Elementbox_isotopes_begin | color1=#ffc0c0 | color2=black }} {{Elementbox_isotopes_decay2 | mn=87 | sym=Y | na=[[synthetic radioisotope|syn]] | hl=3.35 [[day|d]] | dm1=[[electron capture|ε]] | de1=- | pn1=87 | ps1=[[strontium|Sr]] | dm2=[[gamma radiation|γ]] | de2=0.48, 0.38[[delayed nuclear radiation|D]] | pn2= | ps2=- }} {{Elementbox_isotopes_decay2 | mn=88 | sym=Y | na=[[synthetic radioisotope|syn]] | hl=106.6 d | dm1=ε | de1=- | pn1=88 | ps1=[[strontium|Sr]] | dm2=γ | de2=1.83, 0.89 | pn2= | ps2=- }} {{Elementbox_isotopes_stable | mn=89 | sym=Y | na=100% | n=50 }} {{Elementbox_isotopes_decay2 | mn=90 | sym=Y | na=[[synthetic radioisotope|syn]] | hl=2.67 d | dm1=[[beta decay|β<sup>-</sup>]] | de1=2.28 | pn1=90 | ps1=[[zirconium|Zr]] | dm2=γ | de2=2.18 | pn2= | ps2=- }} {{Elementbox_isotopes_decay2 | mn=91 | sym=Y | na=[[synthetic radioisotope|syn]] | hl=58.5 d | dm1=β<sup>-</sup> | de1=1.54 | pn1=91 | ps1=[[zirconium|Zr]] | dm2=γ | de2=1.20 | pn2= | ps2=- }} {{Elementbox_isotopes_end}} {{Elementbox_footer | color1=#ffc0c0 | color2=black }} '''Yttrium''' ({{pronEng|ˈɪtriəm}}),<ref>Sound file - pronunciation [http://www.webelements.com/webelements/elements/media/snds/Y.au]</ref> is a [[chemical element]] that has the symbol '''Y''' and [[atomic number]] 39. A silvery metallic [[transition metal]], yttrium is common in [[rare-earth mineral]]s and two of its compounds are used to make the red color [[phosphor]]s in [[cathode ray tube]] displays, such as those used for [[television]]s. == Characteristics == Yttrium is a silver-metallic, lustrous [[Rare earth element|rare earth]] metal that is relatively stable in air. When yttrium is finely divided, it is very unstable in air. Shavings or [[swarf|turnings]] of the metal can ignite in air when they exceed 400 °[[Celsius|C]]. The metal has a low [[neutron cross-section]] for nuclear capture.<ref name="CRC2008">{{Citation| contribution = Zirconium| year = 2007–2008| title = CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics| editor-last = Lide| editor-first = David R.| volume = 4| pages = 41| place = New York| publisher = CRC Press| id = 978-0-8493-0488-0}}</ref> Yttrium chemically resembles the [[lanthanide]]s, and can appear to gain a slight pink lustre on exposure to light. The common [[oxidation state]] of yttrium is +3. [[Image:Yttrium 1.jpg|thumb|left|140px|Yttrium]] == Applications == [[Yttrium(III) oxide]] is the most important yttrium compound and is widely used to make Y[[vanadium|V]][[oxygen|O]]<sub>4</sub>:[[europium|Eu]] and Y<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>:[[europium|Eu]] [[phosphor]]s that give the red color in [[color television]] picture tubes. Other uses: *Yttrium oxide is also used to make [[yttrium iron garnet]]s which are very effective [[microwave]] [[electronic filter|filters]].<ref name="CRC2008"/> *Yttrium iron, [[aluminium]], and [[gadolinium]] garnets (e.g. Y<sub>3</sub>Fe<sub>5</sub>O<sub>12</sub> and Y<sub>3</sub>Al<sub>5</sub>O<sub>12</sub>) have interesting [[magnetism|magnetic]] properties. [[Yttrium iron garnet]] is very efficient as an acoustic energy transmitter and transducer. [[Yttrium aluminium garnet]] has a hardness of 8.5 and is also used as a [[gemstone]] (simulated [[diamond]]).<ref name="CRC2008"/> *Small amounts of the element (0.1 to 0.2%) have been used to reduce grain size of [[chromium]], [[molybdenum]], [[titanium]], and [[zirconium]]. It is also used to increase the [[strength of materials|strength]] of aluminium and [[magnesium]] alloys. *Used as a [[catalyst]] for [[ethylene]] [[polymerization]]. *Yttrium aluminium garnet, Y<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, [[yttrium lithium fluoride]], and [[yttrium vanadate]] are used in combination with [[dopant]]s such as [[neodymium]], [[erbium]], [[ytterbium]] in near-[[infrared]] [[laser]]s.<ref name="cw">{{cite journal|author=J. Kong|coauthors=D.Y.Tang, B. Zhao, J. Lu, K. Ueda, H. Yagi and T. Yanagitani|title=9.2-W diode-pumped Yb:Y<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> ceramic laser|journal=[[Applied Physics Letters]]|volume=86|year=2005|doi=10.1063/1.1914958|pages=116}}</ref><ref name="pulsed">{{cite journal|author=M.Tokurakawa|coauthors=K.Takaichi, A.Shirakawa, K.Ueda, H.Yagi, T.Yanagitani, and A.A. Kaminskii|title=Diode-pumped 188 fs mode-locked Yb<sup>3+</sup>:Y<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> ceramic laser|journal=[[Applied Physics Letters|Appl.Phys.Lett.]]|volume=90|pages=071101|year=2007|doi=10.1063/1.2476385}}</ref> Both [[crystal]]s and [[ceramic]]s are used. *It is used on the electrodes of some high-performance [[spark plugs]]. *It can be used to [[deoxidize]] [[vanadium]] and other [[non-ferrous metal]]s. *Yttrium is also used in the manufacture of [[gas mantle]]s for [[propane]] [[lantern]]s, as a replacement for [[thorium]], which is slightly [[radioactive]]. *[[Cerium]]-[[doped]] [[yttrium aluminium garnet]] (YAG:Ce) crystals are used as [[phosphor]]s to make white [[LED]]s. *Yttrium was used as a "secret" element in a [[YBCO]] [[superconductor]] developed at the [[University of Houston]], [[yttrium barium copper oxide|YBaCuO]]. This superconductor operated above 90K, notable because this is above [[liquid nitrogen]]'s boiling point (77.1K). (Y<sub>1.2</sub>Ba<sub>0.8</sub>CuO<sub>4</sub>). The matter created was a multi-crystal multi-phase mineral, which was black and green. *Yttrium has been studied for possible use as a nodulizer in the making of [[nodular cast iron]] which has increased [[ductility]] (the [[graphite]] forms compact nodules instead of flakes to form nodular cast iron). Potentially, yttrium can be used in [[ceramic]] and [[glass]] formulas, since yttrium oxide has a high [[melting point]] and imparts [[shock (mechanics)|shock]] resistance and low [[thermal expansion]] characteristics to glass. * Yttrium oxide is used to stabilize the [[cubic zirconia|cubic form of zirconia]], for use in jewelry, etc. * Yttria ([[yttrium(III) oxide]]) is used as a [[sintering]] additive in the production of porous [[silicon nitride]]. * The radioactive isotope Yttrium-90 is used for treatment of various cancers, including lymphoma, leukemia, ovarian, colorectal, pancreatic, and bone cancers.<ref name="nbb">{{cite book| last = Emsley| first = John| title = Nature's Building Blocks| publisher = Oxford University Press| date = 2001| location = Oxford| pages = 495-498| isbn = 0-19-850341-5 }}</ref> == History == Yttrium, in the form of its oxide "yttria", was the first "rare earth" to be discovered. It was found as a major component of the mineral that came to be known as "gadolinite", in 1794 by the Finnish/Swedish chemist, [[Johan Gadolin]]. Gadoliniite was a resinous heavy black mineral that had first been encountered at a [[feldspar]] quarry ([[pegmatite]]) in [[Ytterby]], near [[Stockholm]], [[Sweden]], and was first collected there by a Lieutenant Arrhenius, in 1787. This quarry would gain everlasting fame by lending its name to no fewer than four elements of the periodic table; yttrium was the first. There was an early attempt to name the new "earth" "ytterbia", but the simplified name of "yttria" won out, although the "ytterbia" name would later be resurrected for the oxide of [[ytterbium|element 70]]. Although there were early suspicions that the new earth might not be homogeneous, that point was not definitely proven until Mosander's investigations, which were reported in the early 1840s. Mosander succeeded in preparing a white fraction (comprising the majority of the mixture) that retained the yttria name, and two smaller fractions that were also named for the Ytterby quarry: "[[terbium|terbia]]" and "[[erbium|erbia]]". These two fractions had to await the development of spectroscopic analysis to progress further towards their purified components. It is now known that yttrium is invariably accompanied geochemically by the heavy lanthanides (which as a result are often known as the "yttrium earths" or the "yttrium group"). Yttria is typically about two-thirds of the mixture by weight. == Occurrence == Due to the "lanthanide contraction", ytrrium, which is trivalent, is of similar ionic size to dysprosium (element #66), and its lanthanide neighbors. Due to the relatively gradual decrease in ionic size with increasing atomic number, the rare earth elements have always been notoriously difficult to separate. Even with eons of geological time, geochemical separation of the lanthanides has only rarely progressed much farther than a broad separation between light versus heavy lanthanides, otherwise known as the cerium and yttrium earths. This geochmical divide is reflected in the first two rare earths that were discovered, yttria in 1794 and ceria in 1803. As originally found, each comprised the entire mixture of the associated earths. Rare earth minerals, as found, usually are dominated by one group or the other, depending upon which size-range best fits the structural lattice. Thus, among the anhydrous rare earth phosphates, it is the tetragonal mineral xenotime that incorporates yttrium and the yttrium earths, whereas the monoclinic monazite phase incorporates cerium and the cerium earths preferentially. The smaller size of the yttrium group allows it a greater solid solubility in the rock-forming minerals that comprise the earth's mantle, and thus yttrium and the yttrium earths show less enrichment in the earth's crust, relative to chondritic abundance, than does cerium and the cerium earths. This has economic consequences: large orebodies of the cerium earths are known around the world, and are being actively exploited. Corresponding orebodies for yttrium tend to be rarer, smaller, and less concentrated. Most of the current supply of yttrium originates in the "ion adsorption clay" ores of Southern China. Some versions of these provide concentrates containing about 65% yttrium oxide, with the heavy lanthanides being present in ratios reflecting the Oddo-Harkins rule: even-numbered heavy lanthanides at abundances of about 5% each, and odd-numbered lanthanides at abundances of about 1% each. Similar compositions are found in xenotime or gadolinite. Well-known minerals that contain yttrium include gadolinite, xenotime, samarskite, euxenite, fergusonite, yttrotantalite, yttrotungstite, yttrofluorite (a variety of fluorite), thalenite, yttrialite. Small amounts occur in zircon, which derives its typical yellow fluorescence from some of the accompanying heavy lanthanides. The zirconium mineral eudialyte, such as is found in southern Greenland, also contains small but potentially useful amounts of yttrium. Of the above yttrium minerals, most played a part in providing research quantities of lanthanides during the discovery days. Xenotime is occasionally recovered as a byproduct of heavy sand processing, but has never been nearly as abundsnt as the similarly recovered monazite (which typically contains a few percent of yttrium). Uranium ores processed in Ontario have occasionally yielded yttrium as a byproduct. == Precautions == Yttrium has no known biological role, though it tends to concentrate in the liver and bones. There is normally as little as .5&nbsp;milligrams found within the entire human body. Yttrium can be found in edible plants in concentrations between 20&nbsp;[[Parts-per notation|ppm]] and 100&nbsp;ppm. Yttrium compounds which are soluble in water are considered toxic, while insoluble compounds are non-toxic.<ref name="nbb"/> ==See also== {{Commons|Yttrium}} {{wiktionary|yttrium}} * [[:category:Yttrium compounds|Yttrium compounds]] *[[Erbium]] *[[Terbium]] *[[Ytterbium]] == Notes == {{reflist}} == External links == *[http://www.webelements.com/webelements/elements/text/Y/index.html WebElements.com &ndash; Yttrium] *[http://periodic.lanl.gov/elements/39.html Los Alamos National Laboratory &ndash; Yttrium] {{clear}} {{compact periodic table}} [[Category:Chemical elements]] [[Category:Transition metals]] [[Category:Yttrium]] [[Category:Deoxidizers]] [[af:Yttrium]] [[ar:إتريوم]] [[az:İttrium]] [[bn:ইট্রিয়াম]] [[be:Ітрый]] [[bs:Itrijum]] [[ca:Itri]] [[cs:Yttrium]] [[co:Ittriu]] [[cy:Ytriwm]] [[da:Yttrium]] [[de:Yttrium]] [[et:Ütrium]] [[el:Ύτριο]] [[es:Itrio]] [[eo:Itrio]] [[eu:Itrio]] [[fa:ایتریوم]] [[fr:Yttrium]] [[fur:Itri]] [[gv:Yttrium]] [[gl:Itrio]] [[ko:이트륨]] [[hy:Իտրիում]] [[hi:इत्रियम]] [[hr:Itrij]] [[io:Yitrio]] [[id:Itrium]] [[is:Yttrín]] [[it:Ittrio]] [[he:איטריום]] [[jv:Itrium]] [[kn:ಯ್ಟ್ರಿಯಮ್]] [[sw:Ytri]] [[ku:Îtriyûm]] [[la:Yttrium]] [[lv:Itrijs]] [[lb:Yttrium]] [[lt:Itris]] [[jbo:jinmrtitri]] [[hu:Ittrium]] [[ml:യിട്രിയം]] [[nl:Yttrium]] [[ja:イットリウム]] [[no:Yttrium]] [[nn:Yttrium]] [[oc:Itri]] [[uz:Ittriy]] [[pl:Itr]] [[pt:Ítrio]] [[ro:Ytriu]] [[qu:Itriyu]] [[ru:Иттрий]] [[sq:Yttriumi]] [[scn:Ittriu]] [[simple:Yttrium]] [[sk:Ytrium]] [[sl:Itrij]] [[sr:Итријум]] [[sh:Itrijum]] [[fi:Yttrium]] [[sv:Yttrium]] [[ta:யிற்றியம்]] [[th:อิตเทรียม]] [[vi:Yttri]] [[tr:İtriyum]] [[uk:Ітрій]] [[zh:钇]]