Zambia
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Reverted edits by [[Special:Contributions/116.240.179.43|116.240.179.43]] to last version by Therequiembellishere (using [[WP:HG|Huggle]])
{{distinguish|Sambia}}
{{Infobox Country
|native_name = Republic of Zambia
|common_name = Zambia
|image_flag = Flag of Zambia.svg
|image_coat = Coat of arms of Zambia.svg
|image_map = LocationZambia.svg
|national_anthem = ''[[Stand and Sing of Zambia, Proud and Free]]''
|national_motto ="One Zambia, One Nation"
|official_languages = [[English language|English]]
|regional_languages = [[Chibemba]], [[Chinyanja]], [[Lunda]], [[Tonga language (Zambia)| Tonga]], [[Silozi]], [[Nkoya]], [[Luvale]], [[Tumbuka language| Tumbuka]], [[Kaonde]], and 70 other indigenous languages.
|demonym = Zambian
|capital = [[Lusaka]]
|latd=15 |latm=25 |latNS=S |longd=28 |longm=17 |longEW=E
|government_type = [[Republic]]
|leader_title1 = [[List of Presidents of Zambia|President]]
|leader_name1 = [[Levy Mwanawasa]]
|leader_title2 = [[List of Presidents of Zambia|Acting President]]
|leader_name2 = [[Rupiah Banda]]
|largest_city = Lusaka
|area_km2 = 752,618
|area_sq_mi = 290,587 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]-->
|area_rank = 39th
|area_footnote = <ref name="area">{{cite web| url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/DYB2004/Table03.pdf| title=Population by sex, rate of population increase, surface area and density| format=PDF| author=United Nations Statistics Division| accessdate=2007-11-09}}</ref>
|area_magnitude = 1 E11
|percent_water = 1
|population_estimate = 11,668,000<ref name="pop">Population estimates for Zambia explicitly take into account the effects of mortality due to AIDS/HIV; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality rates, lower population growth rates, and unexpected changes in the distribution of population by age and gender.</ref>
|population_estimate_year = July 2005
|population_estimate_rank = 71st
|population_census = 9,885,591<ref name="censubibpibjnii">{{cite web| url=http://www.zamstats.gov.zm/media/chapter_3_population_comp._size_and_growth-_final.pdf| title=Population size, growth and composition| format=PDF| author=Central Statistical Office, Government of Zambia| accessdate=2007-11-09}}</ref>
|population_census_year = 2000
|population_density_km2 = 16
|population_density_sq_mi = 40 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]-->
|population_density_rank = 191st
|GDP_PPP_year = 2005
|GDP_PPP = $13.025 billion<ref name="gdpppp">{{cite web| url=http://siteresources.worldbank.org/DATASTATISTICS/Resources/GDP_PPP.pdf| title=PPP GDP 2006| format=PDF| author=World Bank Group| accessdate=2007-11-09}}</ref>
|GDP_PPP_rank = 133rd
|GDP_PPP_per_capita = $1,000<ref name="cia1">{{cite web| url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2004rank.html| title=Rank Order - GDP - per capita (PPP)| author=CIA World Factbook| accessdate=2007-11-09}}</ref>
|GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 168th
|HDI_year = 2007
|HDI = {{increase}} 0.434
|HDI_rank = 165th
|HDI_category = low
|Gini = 42.1
|Gini_year = 2002–03
|Gini_category = medium
|sovereignty_type = [[Independence]]
|sovereignty_note = from the [[United Kingdom]]
|established_event1 = Date
|established_date1 = [[October 24]] [[1964]]
|currency = [[Zambian kwacha]]
|currency_code = ZMK
|time_zone = [[Central Africa Time|CAT]]
|utc_offset = +2
|time_zone_DST = ''not observed''
|utc_offset_DST = +2
|cctld = [[.zm]]
|calling_code = 260
}}
The '''Republic of Zambia''' ({{IPA2|ˈzæmbɪə}}), is a [[landlocked country]] in [[Southern Africa]]. The neighbouring countries are the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] to the north, [[Tanzania]] to the north-east, [[Malawi]] to the east, [[Mozambique]], [[Zimbabwe]], [[Botswana]], and [[Namibia]] to the south, and [[Angola]] to the west. The capital city is [[Lusaka]], located in the southeast of the country. The population is concentrated mainly around the capital and the [[Copperbelt]] to the northwest.
Zambia has been inhabited for thousands of years by [[hunter-gatherer]]s and migrating tribes. After sporadic visits by European explorers starting in the 18th century, Zambia was gradually claimed and occupied by the [[United Kingdom|British]] as protectorate of [[Northern Rhodesia]] towards the end of the nineteenth century. On [[24 October]] [[1964]], the protectorate gained independence with the new name of Zambia, derived from the [[Zambezi]] river which flows through the country. After independence the country moved towards a system of [[single-party state|one party rule]] with [[Kenneth Kaunda]] as president. Kaunda dominated Zambian politics until multiparty elections were held in 1991.
Zambia's economy has been traditionally dominated by the [[copper mining]] industry; however the government has recently been pursuing an economic diversification programme. During the 1970s, the country began sliding into a poverty from which it has not recovered. Zambia's total foreign debt exceeded $6 billion in 2000; the growing population strains the economic growth and [[HIV]]/[[AIDS]] is widespread. The average per capita income is $395, placing Zambia as one of the world's poorest countries.
== History ==
[[Image:Za-map.png|thumb|left|Map of Zambia]]
{{main|History of Zambia}}
The area of modern Zambia was inhabited by [[Khoisan]] [[hunter-gatherer]]s until around AD 300, when technologically-advanced migrating tribes began to displace or absorb them.<ref>{{cite book |title=Cultures of the World: Zambia |last=Holmes |first=Timothy |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=1998 |publisherTimes Books International |location=[[Tarrytown, New York]] |isbn=0-7614-0694-8 |pages=19-20 }}</ref> In the 12th century, major waves of [[Bantu]]-speaking immigrants arrived during the [[Bantu#Bantu expansion|Bantu expansion]]. Among them, the [[Tonga people of Zambia and Zimbabwe|Tonga people]] (also called Batonga) were the first to settle in Zambia and are believed to have come from the east near the "big sea". The [[Nkoya]] people also arrived early in the expansion, coming from the [[Luba Empire|Luba]]-[[Lunda Empire|Lunda]] kingdoms located in the southern parts of the modern [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] and northern [[Angola]], followed by a much larger influx, especially between the late 17th and early 19th centuries. In the early 18th century, the [[Nsokolo]] people settled in the Mbala district of Northern province. During the 19th century, the [[Ngoni people]]s arrived from the south. By the late 19th century, most of the various peoples of Zambia were established in the areas they currently occupy.
[[Image:Livingstone statue2.jpg|thumb|left|A statue of David Livingstone on the Zambian side of Victoria Falls]]
The earliest account of a European visiting the area was [[Francisco de Lacerda]] in the late 18th century, followed by other explorers in the 19th century. The most prominent of these was [[David Livingstone]], who had a vision of ending the [[History of slavery|slave trade]] through the "3 C's" (Christianity, Commerce and Civilisation). He was the first European to see the magnificent waterfalls on the [[Zambezi|Zambezi River]] in 1855, naming them [[Victoria Falls]] after [[Victoria of the United Kingdom|Queen Victoria]]. Locally the falls are known "Mosi-oa-Tunya" or "the smoke that thunders" (in the Lozi or Kololo dialect). The town of [[Livingstone, Zambia|Livingstone]], near the falls, is named after him. Highly publicised accounts of his journeys motivated a wave of explorers, missionaries and traders after his death in 1873.
In 1888, the [[British South Africa Company]], (BSA Company) led by [[Cecil Rhodes]], obtained mineral rights from the [[Litunga]], the king of the [[Lozi people|Lozi]] for the area which later became [[North-Western Rhodesia]].<ref name="livingstone">{{cite web| url=http://www.livingstonetourism.com/pages/history.htm| title=Destination:Zambia - History and Culture| author=Livingstone Tourism Association| accessdate=2007-10-29}}</ref> To the east, King [[Mpezeni]] of the [[Ngoni people|Ngoni]] resisted but was defeated in battle<ref name="unam">{{cite web| url=http://web.archive.org/web/20070311093653/http://www.hrdc.unam.na/zm_history.htm| title=Zambia: Historical Background| author=Human Rights & Documentation Centre| accessdate=2007-10-29}}</ref> and that part of the country came to be known as [[North-Eastern Rhodesia]]. The two were administered as separate units until 1911 when they were merged to form [[Northern Rhodesia]]. In 1923, the Company ceded control of Northern Rhodesia to the British Government after the government decided not to renew the Company's charter.
That same year, Southern Rhodesia (now [[Zimbabwe]]), which was also administered by the BSA Company, became self-governing. In 1924, after negotiations, administration of Northern Rhodesia transferred to the British [[Secretary of State for the Colonies|Colonial Office]]. In 1953, the creation of the [[Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland]] grouped together Northern Rhodesia, Southern Rhodesia and [[History of Malawi#Nyasaland|Nyasaland]] (now [[Malawi]]) as a single semi-autonomous region. This was undertaken despite opposition from a sizeable minority of Africans, who demonstrated against it in 1960-61.<ref name="infoplease">{{cite web| url=http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0841738.html| title=Rhodesia and Nyasaland, Federation of| author=Pearson Education| accessdate=2007-10-29}}</ref> Northern Rhodesia was the centre of much of the turmoil and crisis characterizing the federation in its last years. Initially, [[Harry Nkumbula]]'s African National Congress (ANC) led the campaign that [[Kenneth Kaunda]]'s United National Independence Party (UNIP) subsequently took up.
In January 1964, Kaunda won the first and only election for Prime Minister of Northern Rhodesia. The [[Governor of Northern Rhodesia|Colonial Governor]], Sir [[Evelyn Dennison Hone|Evelyn Hone]], was very close to Kaunda and urged him to stand for the post. Soon afterwards there was an uprising in the north of the country known as the [[Lumpa Church|Lumpa]] Uprising led by [[Alice Lenshina]] – Kaunda's first internal conflict as leader of the nation.
A two-stage election held in October and December 1962 resulted in an African majority in the legislative council and an uneasy coalition between the two African nationalist parties. The council passed resolutions calling for Northern Rhodesia's secession from the federation and demanding full internal self-government under a new constitution and a new [[National Assembly of Zambia|National Assembly]] based on a broader, more democratic franchise. The federation was dissolved on [[31 December]] [[1963]], and Northern Rhodesia became the Republic of Zambia on [[24 October]] [[1964]], with Kaunda as the first president.
At independence, despite its considerable mineral wealth, Zambia faced major challenges. Domestically, there were few trained and educated Zambians capable of running the government, and the economy was largely dependent on foreign expertise. Three neighbouring countries – [[Angola]], [[Mozambique]] and Southern Rhodesia – remained under colonial rule. Southern Rhodesia's white-ruled government unilaterally declared independence in November, 1965. In addition, Zambia shared a border with [[South West Africa]] ([[Namibia]]) which was administered by [[South Africa]]. Zambian sympathies lay with forces opposing colonial or white-dominated rule, particularly in Southern Rhodesia (subsequently called Rhodesia). During the next decade, it actively supported movements such as [[UNITA]] in Angola; the [[Zimbabwe African People's Union]] (ZAPU); the [[African National Congress]] (ANC) in South Africa; and the [[South West Africa People's Organization]] (SWAPO).
[[Image:Lake Kariba.jpg|thumb|Lake Kariba]]
Conflict with Rhodesia resulted in the closure of the border with that country in 1973 and severe problems with international transport and power supply. However, the [[Kariba Dam|Kariba hydroelectric]] station on the Zambezi River provided sufficient capacity to satisfy the country's requirements for electricity (despite the fact that the control centre was on the Rhodesian side of the border). A [[TAZARA Railway|railway]] to the [[Tanzania]]n port of [[Dar es Salaam]], built with [[People's Republic of China|Chinese]] assistance, reduced Zambian dependence on railway lines south to South Africa and west through an increasingly troubled Angola. Until the completion of the railway, however, Zambia's major artery for imports and the critical export of copper was along the TanZam Road, running from Zambia to the port cities in Tanzania. A pipeline for oil was also built from Dar-es-Salaam to [[Ndola]] in Zambia.
By the late 1970s, Mozambique and Angola had attained independence from [[Portugal]]. Zimbabwe achieved independence in accordance with the 1979 [[Lancaster House Agreement]], however Zambia's problems were not solved. Civil war in the former Portuguese colonies created an influx of [[refugee]]s and caused continuing transportation problems. The [[Benguela railway]], which extended west through Angola, was essentially closed to traffic from Zambia by the late 1970s. Zambia's strong support for the ANC, which had its external headquarters in Lusaka, created security problems as South Africa raided ANC targets in Zambia.
In the mid-1970s, the price of [[copper]], Zambia's principal export, suffered a severe decline worldwide. In Zambia's situation, the cost of transporting the copper great distances to market was an additional strain. Zambia turned to foreign and international lenders for relief, but, as copper prices remained depressed, it became increasingly difficult to service its growing debt. By the mid-1990s, despite limited debt relief, Zambia's per capita foreign debt remained among the highest in the world.
==Government==
{{main|Politics of Zambia}}<!--Please add new information into relevant daughter articles-->
Zambian politics take place in a framework of a [[presidential system|presidential]] [[representative democracy|representative democratic]] [[republic]], whereby the [[President of Zambia]] is both [[head of state]] and [[head of government]] in a pluriform multi-party system. The government exercises executive power, whilst legislative power is vested in both the government and parliament. Zambia became a republic immediately upon attaining independence in October 1964.
==Provinces==
{{main|Provinces of Zambia|Districts of Zambia}}
[[Image:Zambia provinces named.png|thumb|The provinces of Zambia]]
Zambia is divided into nine [[province]]s, each administered by an appointed deputy minister. Each province is subdivided into several [[district]]s with a grand total of 73 districts. The provinces are:
* [[Central Province, Zambia|Central]]
* [[Copperbelt Province|Copperbelt]]
* [[Eastern Province, Zambia|Eastern]]
* [[Luapula Province|Luapula]]
* [[Lusaka Province|Lusaka]]
* [[Northern Province, Zambia|Northern]]
* [[North-Western Province, Zambia|North-Western]]
* [[Southern Province, Zambia|Southern]]
* [[Western Province, Zambia|Western]]
===Population of major cities===
{|class="wikitable"
!City!!Population
|-
| [[Lusaka]] ||1,218,200
|-
| [[Ndola]] ||547,900
|-
| [[Kitwe]] ||368,800
|-
| [[Kabwe]] ||213,800
|-
| [[Chingola]] ||150,500
|-
| [[Luanshya]] ||124,800
|-
| [[Livingstone, Zambia|Livingstone]] ||108,100
|-
|}
==Languages==
The official language of Zambia is [[English language|English]], which is used to conduct official business and is the medium of instruction in schools. Commonly-spoken indigenous languages number over seventy and include the: Lamba, Kaonde, Tumbuka, Ngoni, Ila,Senga, Chewa, [[Bemba language|Chibemba]], Nsenga [[Chichewa language|Chinyanja]], [[Lunda language|Lunda]], [[Tonga language (Zambia)|Chitonga]], [[Kaonde language|Kaonde]], [[Lozi language|Silozi]], [[Nkoya Language|Nkoya]], and [[Balovale|Luvale]]. Estimates of the total number of languages spoken in Zambia vary from 43<ref name="sil">{{cite web| url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=ZM| title=Languages of Zambia| author=SIL International| accessdate=2007-10-30}}</ref> to 70,<ref name="albany">{{cite web| url=http://www.albany.edu/~lb527/Alllgs.html| title=All Languages| author=Lee S. Bickmore, Dep't of Anthropology, State University of New York at Albany| accessdate=2007-10-30}}</ref> depending on whether some dialects are counted as languages in their own right. The process of urbanisation has had a dramatic effect on some of the indigenous languages, including the assimilation of words from other indigenous languages and English. Urban dwellers sometimes differentiate between urban and rural dialects of the same language by prefixing the rural languages with 'deep'.
Most will thus speak Nyanja in Lusaka to all and sundry, English in official communications and the chosen (husbands/wives) language at home if (as is now common) there is an intertribal family.
==Education==
{{main|Education in Zambia|List of schools in Zambia}}
Education in Zambia is provided at three levels: primary (years 1 to 7), junior secondary (years 8 to 9) and upper secondary (years 10 to 12). Some schools provide a "basic" education covering years 1 to 9, as year 9 is considered to be a decent level of education for the majority of children. However, tuition is only free up to year 7, and [[UNESCO]] estimated that 80% of children of primary school age in 2002 were enrolled.<ref name="unesco">{{cite web| url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001469/146914e.pdf| title=The introduction of free primary education in sub-Saharan Africa| author=Abby Riddell, UNESCO| date=2003| accessdate=2007-10-30}}</ref> Most children drop out after year 7 when fees must be paid.
Both government and private schools exist in Zambia. The private school system began largely as a result of Christian mission efforts during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Amongst famous private schools are the International School of Lusaka, the Roman Catholic run St Mary's Seminary located in the Msupadzi area, south of Chipata, Eastern Province and Simba International School close to Ndola, Copperbelt Province. Private schools operate under either the British or American way of schooling, but also offer curricula approved by the Examinations Council of Zambia (ECZ).
Educational opportunities beyond secondary school are limited in Zambia. After secondary school, most students study at the various colleges, around the country. There are two main universities: the [[University of Zambia]] (UNZA) and the [[Copperbelt University]] (CBU). Normally both select students on the basis of ability but competition for places is intense. The introduction of fees in the late 1990s has made university level education inaccessible for some, although the government does provide state bursaries. The Copperbelt University opened in the late 1980s, taking over most of the former Zambia Institute of Technology site in Kitwe. Other centres of education include the Public Administration College (NIPA), the Northern Technical College (NORTEC), the National Resources Development College (NRDC) and the Evelyn Hone College. There are also several teacher training colleges offering two-year training programmes, whilst missionary hospitals around the country offer internationally acceptable training for nurses and several Christian schools offer seminary-level training.
== Geography ==
[[Image:Victoria Falls Zambezi.jpg|thumb|Victoria Falls]]
[[Image:Kalambo Falls, Zambia.jpg|thumb|Kalambo Falls]]
{{main|Geography of Zambia}}
{{seealso|List of settlements in Zambia}}
Zambia is a [[landlocked]] country in southern Africa, with a [[tropical climate]] and consists mostly of high [[plateau]], with some hills and mountains, dissected by river valleys. At 752,614 km² (290,566 sq. mi.) it is the 39th-largest country in the world (after [[Chile]]) and slightly larger than the US state of [[Texas]]. Zambia is drained by two major river basins: the [[Zambezi River|Zambezi]] basin in the south covering about three-quarters of the country; and the [[Congo River|Congo]] basin in the north covering about one-quarter of the country. A very small area in the north-west forms part of the internal drainage basin of [[Lake Rukwa]] in Tanzania.
In the Zambezi basin, there are a number of major rivers flowing wholly or partially through Zambia: the [[Kabompo River|Kabompo]], [[Lungwebungu River|Lungwebungu]], [[Kafue River|Kafue]], [[Luangwa River|Luangwa]], and the Zambezi itself, which flows through the country in the west and then forms its southern border with [[Namibia]], [[Botswana]] and [[Zimbabwe]]. Its source is in Zambia but it diverts into Angola, and a number of its tributaries arise in Angola's central highlands. The edge of the [[Cuando River]] floodplain (not its main channel) forms Zambia's south-western border, and via the [[Chobe River]] that river contributes very little water to the Zambezi because most is lost by evaporation).<ref name="Beilfuss">[http://www.gorongosa.net/research/research_documents/Patterns_Hydrological_Change_Zambezi_Delta.pdf Richard Beilfuss & David dos Santos: Patterns of Hydrological Change in the Zambezi Delta, Mozambique.] Working Paper No 2 Program for the Sustainable Management of Cahora Bassa Dam and The Lower Zambezi Valley (2001).</ref>
Two of the Zambezi's longest and largest tributaries, the Kafue and the Luangwa, flow mainly in Zambia. Their confluences with the Zambezi are on the border with Zimbabwe at Chirundu and [[Luangwa, Zambia|Luangwa town]] respectively. Before its confluence, the Luangwa River forms part of Zambia's border with [[Mozambique]]. From Luangwa town, the Zambezi leaves Zambia and flows into Mozambique, and eventually into the [[Mozambique Channel]].
The Zambezi falls about 100 metres (328 ft) over the 1.6 km (1 mile) wide [[Victoria Falls]], located in the south-west corner of the country, subsequently flowing into [[Lake Kariba]]. The Zambezi valley, running along the southern border, is both deep and wide. From Lake Kariba going east it is formed by [[graben]]s and like the Luangwa, Mweru-Luapula, [[Mweru-wa-Ntipa]] and Lake Tanganyika valleys, is a [[rift valley]].
The west of Zambia is very flat with broad plains, the most notable being the [[Barotse Floodplain]] on the Zambezi, which floods from December to June, lagging behind the annual rainy season (typically November to April). The [[floodplain|flood]] dominates the natural environment and the lives, society and culture of the inhabitants and those of other smaller, floodplains throughout the country.
Eastern Zambia shows greater diversity. The plateau which extends between the Zambezi and Lake Tanganyika valleys is tilted upwards to the north, and so rises imperceptibly from about 900 m (3000 ft) in the south to 1200 m (4000 ft) in the centre, reaching 1800 m (6000 ft) in the north near Mbala. In the east, the Luangwa Valley splits the plateau in a curve north east to south west, extended west into the heart of the plateau by the deep valley of the [[Lunsemfwa River]]. Hills and mountains are found by the side of some sections of the valley, notably in its north-east the Nyika Plateau (2200 m) on the Malawi border, which extend into Zambia as the Mafinga Hills, containing the country's highest point, Kongera (2187m). The Muchinga Mountains, the watershed between the Zambezi and Congo drainage basins, run parallel to the deep valley of the Luangwa River and form a sharp backdrop to its northern edge, although they are almost everywhere below 1700m. Their culminating peak Mumpu is at the western end and at 1892m is the highest point in Zambia away from the eastern border region. The border of the [[Congo Pedicle]] was drawn around this mountain.
The southernmost headstream of the Congo River rises in Zambia and flows through its north firstly as the [[Chambeshi River|Chambeshi]] and then, after the [[Lake Bangweulu|Bangweulu Swamps]] as the [[Luapula River|Luapula]], which forms part of the border with the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]]. The Luapula flows south then west before it turns north until it enters [[Lake Mweru]]. The lake's other major tributary is the [[Kalungwishi River]], which flows into it from the east. The [[Luvua River]] drains Lake Mweru, flowing out of the northern end to the [[Lualaba River]] (Upper Congo River).
[[Lake Tanganyika]] is the other major [[hydrography|hydrographic]] feature that belongs to the Congo basin. Its south-eastern end receives water from the [[Kalambo River]], which forms part of Zambia's border with Tanzania. This river has Africa's second highest uninterrupted waterfall, the [[Kalambo Falls]].
===Climate===
{{Main|Climate of Zambia}}
The climate of Zambia is [[tropical]] modified by [[elevation]]. In the [[Köppen climate classification]], most of the country is classified as humid subtropical or tropical wet and dry, with small stretches of semi-arid steppe climate in the south-west and along the Zambezi valley.
There are two main seasons, the [[rainy season]] (November to April) corresponding to summer, and the [[dry season]] (May/June to October/November), corresponding to winter. The dry season is subdivided into the cool dry season (May/June to August), and the hot dry season (September to October/November). The modifying influence of altitude gives the country pleasant [[subtropical]] weather rather than tropical conditions during the cool season of May to August.<ref>Camerapix: "Spectrum Guide to Zambia." Camerapix International Publishing, Nairobi, 1996.</ref> However, average monthly temperatures remain above 20°C over most of the country for eight or more months of the year.
== Economy ==
[[Image:ZM-Nkana-headgear-Kitwe.jpg|thumb|The major Nkana open copper mine, Kitwe]]
{{main|Economy of Zambia}}
About 68% of Zambians live below the recognised national [[poverty line]],<ref name="mdgs1">{{cite web| url=http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/SeriesDetail.aspx?srid=581&crid=894| title=Population below national poverty line, total, percentage| author=Development Indicators Unit, Statistics Division, United Nations| accessdate=2007-10-30}}</ref> with rural poverty rates standing at about 78%<ref name="mdgs2">{{cite web| url=http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/SeriesDetail.aspx?srid=583&crid=894| title=Population below national poverty line, rural, percentage| author=Development Indicators Unit, Statistics Division, United Nations| accessdate=2007-10-30}}</ref> and urban rates of 53%.<ref name="mdgs3">{{cite web| url=http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/SeriesDetail.aspx?srid=582&crid=894| title=Population below national poverty line, urban, percentage| author=Development Indicators Unit, Statistics Division, United Nations| accessdate=2007-10-30}}</ref> Per capita annual incomes are currently at about one-half their levels at independence and, at $395, place the country among the world's poorest nations. Social indicators continue to decline, particularly in measurements of life expectancy at birth (about 40.0 years) and maternal mortality (729 per 100,000 pregnancies). The country's rate of economic growth cannot support rapid population growth or the strain which [[HIV]]/[[AIDS]] related issues (i.e. rising medical costs, decline in worker productivity) place on government resources.
Once a middle-income country, Zambia began to slide into poverty in the 1970s when copper prices declined on world markets. The socialist government made up for falling revenue with several abortive attempts at [[International Monetary Fund]] [[structural adjustment]] programmes (SAPs), which ended after popular outcries from the people. After democratic multi-party elections, the Chiluba government (1991-2001) came to power in November 1991 committed to an economic reform programme. The government [[privatisation|privatised]] most of the parastatals (state-owned corporations), maintained positive [[real vs. nominal in economics|real]] [[interest rate]]s, eliminated [[exchange controls]], and endorsed free market principles. [[political corruption|Corruption]] grew dramatically under the Chiluba government. It remains to be seen whether the Mwanawasa government will be aggressive in continuing economic reform. Zambia is still dealing with economic reform issues such as the size of the [[public sector]] and improving Zambia's social sector delivery systems. [[Non-governmental organisation|NGO]]s and other groups have contended that the SAPs, in Zambia and other countries, have had very detrimental effects on the poor.<ref name="warc">{{cite web| url=http://www.warc.ch/pc/rw942/02.html| title=The effects of structural adjustment on women in Zambia| author=Priscilla Jere-Mwiindilila, World Alliance of Reformed Churches| accessdate=2007-10-30}}</ref> Zambia's total foreign debt exceeded $6 billion when the country qualified for [[Highly Indebted Poor Country Initiative]] (HIPC) debt relief in 2000, contingent upon meeting certain [[conditionality|performance criteria]]. Initially, Zambia hoped to reach the HIPC completion point, and benefit from substantial debt forgiveness, in late 2003. In January 2003, the Zambian government informed the [[IMF]] and [[World Bank]] that it wished to renegotiate some of the agreed performance criteria calling for privatisation of the Zambia National Commercial Bank and the national telephone and electricity utilities. Although agreements were reached on these issues, subsequent overspending on civil service wages delayed Zambia's final HIPC debt forgiveness from late 2003 to early 2005, at the earliest. In an effort to reach HIPC completion in 2004, the government drafted an austerity budget for 2004, freezing civil service salaries and increasing a number of taxes. The labour movement and other components of civil society have objected to the sacrifices called for in the budget, and, in some cases, the role of the international financial institutions in demanding austerity.
The Zambian economy has historically been based on the [[copper mining]] industry. Output of copper had fallen, however, to a low of 228,000 metric tons in 1998, after a 30 year decline in output due to lack of investment, low copper prices, and uncertainty over privatisation. In 2002, following privatisation of the industry, copper production rebounded to 337,000 metric tons. Improvements in the world copper market have magnified the effect of this volume increase on revenues and foreign exchange earnings. Recently, firms like [[Vedanta Resources]], a [[London]]-based miner acquired [[Konkola Copper Mines]] (KCM). Vedanta transformed the company and continues investing in the Zambian economy. For example, it is undertaking the largest single investment in the country in early 2006.
The Zambian government is pursuing an economic diversification programme to reduce the economy's reliance on the copper industry. This initiative seeks to exploit other components of Zambia's rich resource base by promoting agriculture, tourism, gemstone mining, and hydro-power. In 2003, exports of [[nonmetals]] increased by 25% and accounted for 38% of all export earnings, previously 35%. The Zambian government has recently been granting licenses to international resource companies to prospect for minerals such as nickel, tin, copper and uranium.<ref name="penny">{{cite web| url=http://www.pennysharesonline.com/News/Articles/735922.asp| title=Albidon signs agreement with Zambian government| author=Pennysharesonline.com, City Equities Limited| date=2006-07-14| accessdate=2006-10-30}}</ref>
It is hoped that nickel will take over from copper as the country's top metallic export.
==Demographics==
[[Image:Mwata Kazembe XVII Zambia 1961.jpg|thumb|Mwata [[Kazembe]] XVII Paul Kanyembo Lutaba chief of the Lunda people in Zambia in 1961]]
{{main|Demographics of Zambia}}
{{main|Religion in Zambia}}
Zambia is one of the most highly urbanised countries in sub-Saharan Africa with 44% of the population concentrated in a few urban areas along the major transport corridors, while rural areas are sparsely populated. Unemployment and underemployment in urban areas are serious problems, while most rural Zambians are [[subsistence agriculture|subsistence farmers]]. The population comprises approximately 72 ethnic groups, most of which are Bantu-speaking. Almost 90% of Zambians belong to the nine main ethnolinguistic groups: the [[Bemba people|Bemba]], [[Chewa|Nyanja-Chewa]], [[Tonga people of Zambia and Zimbabwe|Tonga]], [[Tumbuka]], [[BaLunda|Lunda]], [[Balovale|Luvale]], [[Kaonde language|Kaonde]], [[Nkoya]] and [[Lozi people|Lozi]]. In the rural areas, each ethnic group is concentrated in a particular geographic region of the country and many groups are very small and not as well known. However, all the ethnic groups can be found in significant numbers in Lusaka and the Copperbelt.
Expatriates, mostly British or South African, as well as some white Zambian citizens (about 120,000), live mainly in Lusaka and in the Copperbelt in northern Zambia, where they are either employed in mines, financial and related activities or retired. Zambia also has a small but economically important Asian population, most of whom are Indians. In recent years, several hundred dispossessed white farmers have left [[Zimbabwe]] at the invitation of the Zambian government, to take up farming in the Southern province.
Zambia is officially a [[Christian]] nation, but a wide variety of religious traditions exist. Traditional religious thought blends easily with Christian beliefs in many of the country's syncretic churches. Christian denominations include: [[Roman Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]], [[Anglicanism|Anglican]], [[Pentecostalism|Pentecostal]], [[New Apostolic Church]], [[Lutheranism|Lutheran]], [[Seventh-day Adventist Church|Seventh-day Adventist]], [[Jehovah's Witnesses]] and a variety of [[Evangelicalism|Evangelical]] denominations. These grew, adjusted and prospered from the original missionary settlements ([[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] and Catholicism in the east from [[Mozambique]]) and Anglicanism (English and Scottish influences) from the south. Except for some technical positions (e.g. physicians), western missionary roles have been assumed by native believers. After [[Frederick Chiluba]] (a Pentecostal Christian) became President in 1991, Pentecostal congregations expanded considerably around the country.<ref name="pentecostal">{{cite paper| author=Matthew Steel| title=Pentecostalism in Zambia : Power, Authority and the Overcomers| version=MSc Dissertation| publisher=University of Wales| date=2005}}</ref>
Approximately 5% of the population are [[Islam in Zambia|Muslims]] with most living in urban areas.<ref name="usstate">{{cite web| url=http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2003/23761.htm| title=International Religious Freedom Report 2003| author=Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor (U.S. Department of State)| accessdate=2007-10-29}}</ref> There is also a small [[Jewish]] community, composed mostly of [[Ashkenazi Jews|Ashkenazis]]. Notable Jewish Zambians have included [[Simon Zukas]], retired Minister, MP and a member of [[Forum for Democracy and Development]] and earlier on the [[Movement for Multiparty Democracy|MMD]] and [[United National Independence Party]]. Additionally, the economist [[Stanley Fischer]], currently the governor of the [[Bank of Israel]] and formerly head of the [[International Monetary Fund|IMF]] also was born and partially raised in Zambia's Jewish community. The [[Bahá'í Faith|Baha'i]] population of Zambia is over 160,000,<ref name="adherents">{{cite web| url=http://adherents.com/largecom/com_bahai.html| title=The Largest Baha'i Communities| author=Adherents.com| accessdate=2007-10-29}}</ref> or 1.5% of the population. The William Mmutle Masetlha Foundation<ref name="dlp">{{cite web| url=http://www.devlp.com/dla.html#masetlha| title=About DLP| author=DL Publicaciones| accessdate=2007-10-29}}</ref> run by the Baha'i community is particularly active in areas such as literacy and primary health care.
According to the ''World Refugee Survey 2008'' published by the U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants, Zambia has a population of [[refugees]] and asylum seekers numbering approximately 113,200. The majority of refugees in the country came from the [[Democratic Republic of Congo]] (55,400 refugees from the DRC living in Zambia in 2007), [[Angola]] (40,800) and [[Rwanda]] (4,000). <ref name="World Refugee Survey 2008">{{cite news|title=World Refugee Survey 2008|publisher=U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants|date=2008-06-19|url=http://www.refugees.org/survey}}</ref> Nearly 60,000 refugees live in camps in Zambia, while 50,000 are mixed in with the local populations. Refugees who wish to work in Zambia must apply for official permits which can cost up to $500 per year.<ref name="World Refugee Survey 2008">{{cite news|title=World Refugee Survey 2008|publisher=U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants|date=2008-06-19|url=http://www.refugees.org/survey}}</ref>
==Culture==
{| class="prettytable" style="float: right;"
|+Holidays<ref>Holmes, p. 103</ref>
|-
! style="font-size: smaller;" | Date
! style="font-size: smaller;" | Name
|-
| [[January 1]]
| [[New Year's Day]]
|-
| [[March 12]]
| [[Labour Day]]
|-
| Variable
| [[Good Friday]]
|-
| Variable
| [[Holy Saturday]]
|-
| Variable
| [[Holy Monday]]
|-
| [[May 1]]
| [[Labor Day]]
|-
| [[May 25]]
| Africa Freedom Day
|-
| First Monday and Tuesday in July
| Heroes and Unity Day
|-
| First Monday in August
| Farmers' Day
|-
| [[October 24]]
| [[Independence Day]]
|-
| [[December 25]]
| [[Christmas Day]]
|}
[[Image:Wire Bike in Zambia.jpg|thumb|left|Wire craft in [[Kitwe]]]]
The [[culture of Zambia]] is mainly indigenous [[Bantu]] culture mixed with European influences. Prior to the establishment of modern Zambia, the indigenous people lived in independent tribes, each with their own ways of life. One of the results of the colonial era was the growth of urbanisation. Different ethnic groups started living together in towns and cities, influencing each other as well as adopting a lot of the European culture. The original cultures have largely survived in the rural areas. In the urban setting there is a continuous integration and evolution of these cultures to produce what is now called "Zambian culture".
Traditional culture is very visible through colourful annual [[Zambian traditional ceremonies]]. Some of the more prominent are: [[Kuomboka]] and [[Kathanga]] (Western Province), [[Kazembe#Mutomboko Festival|Mutomboko]] (Luapula Province), [[Ncwala]] (Eastern Province), [[Lwiindi]] and [[Shimunenga]] (Southern Province), [[Likumbi Lyamize]] (North Western), [[Chibwela Kumushi]] (Central Province), [[Ukusefya Pa Ng’wena]] (Northern Province).
Popular traditional arts are mainly in pottery, basketry (such as [[Tonga baskets]]), stools, fabrics , mats, wooden carvings, ivory carvings, wire craft and copper crafts. Most [[Zambian traditional music]] is based on drums (and other percussion instruments) with a lot of singing and dancing. In the urban areas foreign genres of music are popular, in particular Congolese [[Soukous| rumba]], African-American music and Jamaican reggae.
[[Image:Nsima Relishes.JPG|thumb|Nshima (top right corner) with three relishes]]
The Zambian staple diet is based on [[maize]]. It is normally eaten as a thick porridge, called [[Nshima]], prepared from maize flour commonly known as mealie meal. This may be eaten with a variety of vegetables, beans, meat, fish or sour milk depending on geographical location/origin. [[Nshima]] is also prepared from [[cassava]] a staple food in some parts of the country. There are a lot of Zambian foods which are peculiar to Zambia such as [[inswa]] (flying ants), [[fyunkubala]] (caterpillars), [[Hopani]] (monitor lizards), [[Mbeba]] (mice), [[magande]] (giant toads) and [[Kolwe]] (monkey meat).
==Sports==
The most popular sport in Zambia is [[association football|football]]. The [[Zambia national football team]] has had its triumphant moments in football history. At the Seoul Olympics of 1988, the National Team defeated the Italian National team by a score of 4-0. Kalusha Bwalya, Zambia's most celebrated football player and one of Africa's greatest football talents had a hat trick in that match. However to this day, many pundits say the greatest team Zambia has ever assembled was the one that perished on April 28 1993 in a plane crash at Libreville, Gabon. Rugby, boxing and cricket are also popular sports in Zambia. Zambia used to play cricket as part of [[Rhodesia]]. In 2011, [[Zambia]] is due to host the tenth [[All-Africa Games]], for which three stadiums will be built in [[Lusaka]], [[Ndola]], and [[Livingstone, Zambia|Livingstone]].<ref name="games">{{cite web| url=http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/200602/22/eng20060222_244775.html| title=Zambia to build three stadia for 2011 All-Africa Games| publisher=People's Daily Online| accessdate=2007-11-06}}</ref> The Lusaka stadium will have a capacity of 70,000 spectators while the other two stadiums will hold 50,000 people each. The government is encouraging the private sector to get involved in the construction of the sports facilities because of a shortage of public funds for the project.
==See also==
{{Zambia topics|state=uncollapsed}}
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
==External links==
{{portal|Zambia|Flag of Zambia.svg}}
{{sisterlinks|Zambia}}
* [http://www.zambiatourism.com The Tourist Board of Zambia (Extensive travel guide)]
* [http://www.statehouse.gov.zm The Government of Zambia (State House)]
* [http://www.parliament.gov.zm The Parliament of Zambia (National Assembly)]
* [http://www.zana.gov.zm Zambia News Agency]
* {{dmoz|Regional/Africa/Zambia|Zambia}}
* {{wikitravel}}
* {{wikia|zambia|Zambia}}
* {{wikiatlas|Zambia}}
* [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/za.html CIA World Factbook article on Zambia]
* [http://www.state.gov/p/af/ci/za US State Department: Zambia]
* [http://www.alikuti.com Community Events and Classifieds Calender]
* [http://www.irinnews.org/Africa-Country.aspx?Country=ZM IRIN humanitarian news and analysis - Zambia]
{{Template group
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|list =
{{Countries of Africa}}
{{Niger-Congo-speaking}}
}}
{{Template group
|title = International membership
|list =
{{African Union (AU)}}
{{Member states of the SADC}}
{{Commonwealth of Nations}}
}}
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