Zinc 34420 224496938 2008-07-09T02:57:27Z Karanne 7437903 /* Applications */ {{Infobox zinc}} '''Zinc''' ({{pronEng|ˈzɪŋk}}, from {{lang-de|Zink}}) is a [[metal]]lic [[chemical element]] with the symbol '''Zn''' and [[atomic number]] 30. In nonscientific context it is sometimes called '''spelter'''.<ref>[http://www.bartleby.com/61/48/S0624800.html spelter. The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language: Fourth Edition. 2000<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Commercially pure zinc is known as Special High Grade, often abbreviated ''SHG'', and is 99.995% pure.<ref>{{Citation | title = Special High Grade Zinc (SHG) 99.995% | url = http://nyrstar.com/nyrstar/en/products/zinccongalvanising/techdownloads/shg_budel.pdf | accessdate = 04-23-2008}}.</ref> ==Notable characteristics== Zinc is a moderately reactive bluish grey [[metal]] that tarnishes in moist air and burns in air with a bright bluish-green flame, giving off fumes of [[zinc oxide]]. It reacts with [[acid]]s, [[alkali]]s and other non-metals. If not completely pure, zinc reacts with dilute acids to release [[hydrogen]]. The one common [[oxidation state]] of zinc is +2. From 100 °C to 210 °C {{nowrap|(212 °F}} to {{nowrap|410 °F)}} zinc metal is malleable and can easily be beaten into various shapes. Above {{nowrap|210 °C}} {{nowrap|(410 °F)}}, the metal becomes brittle and will be pulverized by beating. Zinc is nonmagnetic. ==Applications== * Zinc is used to [[galvanization|galvanize]] [[steel]] to prevent corrosion * Zinc is used to [[Parkerize]] steel to prevent rust and corrosion * Zinc is used in alloys such as [[brass]], nickelled silver, typewriter metal, various [[solder]]ing formulas and [[German silver]] * Zinc is the primary metal used in making American [[Cent (United States coin)|one cent coins]] since 1982 * Zinc is used in die [[casting]] notably in the [[automobile industry]] * Zinc is used as part of the containers of [[battery (electricity)|batteries]]. The most widespread such use is as the [[anode]] in [[alkaline battery|alkaline batteries]] * Zinc is used as the anode or fuel of the [[zinc-air battery]]/fuel cell providing the basis of the theorised [[zinc economy]] * Zinc is used as a [[sacrificial anode]] on boats and ships that use [[cathodic protection]] to prevent corrosion of metals that are exposed to sea water * Zinc is used in contemporary [[pipe organ]]s as a substitute for the lead/tin alloy in pipes * Zinc sheet metal is used in making contemporary zinc [[bar (counter)|bars]].<ref>{{Citation | title = Zinc counters - technical information | url = http://www.zinccounters.co.uk/html/tech/tech.htm | accessdate = 2008-07-07}}</ref> * [[Zinc oxide]] is used as a white pigment in watercolours or [[paint]]s, and as an activator in the [[rubber]] industry. As an over-the-counter ointment, it is applied as a thin coating on the exposed skin of the face or nose to prevent dehydration of the area of skin. It can protect against [[sunburn]] in the summer and [[windburn]] in the winter. Applied thinly to a baby's diaper area (perineum) with each diaper change, it can protect against [[rash]]. As determined in the [[Age-Related Eye Disease Study]], it is part of an effective treatment for [[age-related macular degeneration]] in some cases * [[Zinc chloride]] is used as a deodorant and can also be used as a wood [[preservative]] * [[Zinc sulphide]] is used in [[luminescence|luminescent]] pigments such as on the hands of clocks and other items that glow in the dark. * [[Zinc methyl]] (Zn(CH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>) is used in a number of organic [[chemical synthesis|syntheses]]. * Zinc stearate is a lubricative plastic additive. * Lotions made of [[calamine]], a mix of Zn-(hydroxy-)carbonates and silicates, are used to treat skin rash. * Zinc metal is included in most single tablet over-the-counter daily vitamin and mineral supplements. It is believed to possess anti-oxidant properties, which protect against premature aging of the skin and muscles of the body. In larger amounts, taken as zinc alone in other proprietaries, it is believed by some to speed up the healing process after an injury. Preparations include [[zinc acetate]] and [[zinc gluconate]]. * [[Zinc gluconate glycine]] and [[zinc acetate]] are also used in [[throat lozenge]]s or [[tablet]]s to reduce the duration and the severity of cold symptoms.<ref>Ananda S. Prasad, MD, PhD; James T. Fitzgerald, PhD; Bin Bao, MD, PhD; Frances W.J. Beck, PhD; and Pranatharthi H. Chandrasekar, MD. "Duration of Symptoms and Plasma Cytokine Levels in Patients with the Common Cold Treated with Zinc Acetate: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial." Annals of Internal Medicine [http://www.annals.org/cgi/reprint/133/4/245.pdf]</ref> * Zinc lactate is used in toothpaste to prevent malodour. * [[Zinc pyrithione]] is widely applied in shampoo's because of its anti-dandruff function. ==History== [[Image:ZincMetalUSGOV.jpg|thumb|left|Zinc]] The name of the metal zinc is unusual and, while vague in origin, was probably first used by [[Paracelsus]], a Swiss-born German chemist, who referred to the metal as "Zincum", in the 16th century.<ref name=iza/> These words in German apparently mean "tooth-like, pointed or jagged part" and, as zinc metallic crystals are needle-like, the derivation appears plausible. In ancient [[India]] the production of zinc metal was very common. Many mine sites of Zawar Mines, near Udaipur, Rajasthan, were active even during 1300–1000 BC. There are references of medicinal uses of zinc in the [[Charaka Samhita]] (300 BC). The [[Rasaratna Samuccaya]] (800 AD) explains the existence of two types of ores for zinc metal, one of which is ideal for metal extraction while the other is used for medicinal purpose.<ref>Craddock, P.T. et al., Zinc production in medieval India, World Archaeology, vol. 15, no. 2, Industrial Archaeology, 1983. (see [http://www.scribd.com/doc/2292080/svastikaglyph?query2=oprire%20menstruatie] page 13)</ref> Zinc alloys have been used for centuries, as brass goods dating to 1400–1000 BC have been found in [[Israel (region)|Israel]] and zinc objects with 87% zinc have been found in prehistoric [[Transylvania]]. Because of the low boiling point and high chemical reactivity of this metal (isolated zinc would tend to go up the chimney rather than be captured), the true nature of this metal was not understood in ancient times. The manufacture of [[brass]] was known to the [[Ancient Rome|Ebi]] by about 30 BC, using a technique where [[Calamine (mineral)|calamine]] and [[copper]] were heated together in a crucible. The [[zinc oxide]]s in calamine were reduced, and the free zinc metal was trapped by the copper, forming an [[alloy]]. The resulting [[calamine brass]] was either cast or hammered into shape. Smelting and extraction of impure forms of zinc was accomplished around 1200 AD in [[India]].<ref name=iza>{{Citation| last = Habashi| first = Fathi| title = Discovering the 8th Metal | publisher = International Zinc Association (IZA)| url = http://www.iza.com/Documents/Communications/Publications/History.pdf}}.</ref> [[China]] did not learn of the technique until 17th Century AD.<ref name=iza/> In the West, impure zinc as a remnant in melting ovens was known since antiquity, but usually discarded as worthless. Strabo mentions it as ''pseudo-arguros'' &mdash; "mock silver". The [[Berne zinc tablet]] is a votive plaque dating to [[Roman Gaul]], probably made from such zinc remnants. ===Pure zinc in the West=== The metallurgist [[Andreas Libavius]] received in 1597 a quantity of zinc metal in its pure form, which was unknown in the West before then. Libavius called it Indian/Malabar lead. It was regularly imported to [[Europe]] from the orient in the 17th and first half of the 18th century,<ref name=iza/> but was at times very expensive. The isolation of metallic zinc in the West may have been achieved independently by several people: *Traders from the Orient were bringing zinc to England in the early [[1700s]]. It is suggested that they also brought the secret of its smelting,<ref>Metals Reference and Encyclopedia (Atlas Publishing Co, 1968).</ref> but evidence of this is lacking. *Dr. [[John Lane (metallurgist)|John Lane]] is said to have carried out experiments, probably at [[Landore]], prior to his bankruptcy in 1726.<ref>R. O. Roberts, 'Dr John Lane and the foundation of the non-ferrous metal industry in the Swansea valley' ''Gower'' 4 (1951), 19-24; F. V. Emery, 'Further light on Dr John Lane' ''Gower'' 20 (1969), 8-13; R. O. Roberts, 'Further note on Dr John Lane' ''Gower'' 22 (1972), 23-5. </ref> [[Postlewayt]]'s Universal Dictionary, a contemporary source giving technological information in Europe, did not mention zinc before 1751.<ref>Craddock, P.T. et al., Zinc production in medieval India, World Archaeology, vol.15, no.2, Industrial Archaeology, 1983.</ref> *In 1738, [[William Champion (metallurgist)|William Champion]] patented in [[Kingdom of Great Britain|Great Britain]] a process to extract zinc from calamine in a vertical retort style smelter, using a technology somewhat similar to that used at Zawar zinc mines in [[Rajasthan]]. However, there is no evidence that he visited the orient.<ref>Rhys Jenkins, 'The Zinc Industry in England: the early years up to 1850' ''Transactions of the Newcomen Society'' 25 (1945-7), 41-52.</ref> Champion's process was used through 1851.<ref name=iza/> *In 1742, the Swedish chemist Anton von Swab distilled zinc from calamine.<ref name=iza/> *The discovery of pure metallic zinc is often credited to the German [[Andreas Sigismund Marggraf|Andreas Marggraf]] in 1746.<ref name=iza/> In 1758, William's brother, John, developed a new process for [[calcining]] [[zinc sulfide]] into an oxide for use in the retort process. Prior to this only calamine could be used to produce zinc. This process was then used into the 20th century. In 1798, Johann Ruberg built the first horizontal retort smelter in Upper Silesia. This was much more fuel efficient and less labor intensive than the vertical retort process. Jean-Jacques Daniel Dony built a different kind of horizontal zinc smelter in Belgium, which processes more.<ref name=iza/> ==Biological role== [[Image:Foodstuff-containing-Zinc.jpg|thumb|Foods and spices that contain the essential mineral zinc]] Zinc is an essential element, necessary for sustaining all life. It is estimated that 3,000 of the hundreds of thousands of proteins in the human body contain zinc [[prosthetic groups]], one type of which is the so-called [[zinc finger]]. In addition, there are over a dozen types of cells in the human body that secrete zinc [[ion]]s, and the roles of these secreted zinc signals in medicine and health are now being actively studied. Zinc ions are now considered to be [[neurotransmitter]]s. Cells in the [[salivary gland]], [[prostate]], [[immune system]] and [[intestine]] use zinc signalling.<ref> {{ cite journal |author= Hershfinkel Michal, Silverman William F, and Sekler Israel |title=The Zinc Sensing Receptor, a Link Between Zinc and Cell Signaling |journal=Mol Med |volume=13|issue=7-8 |date=2007 |pages=331-336 |doi=10.2119/2006-00038.Hershfinkel |pmid=17728842 }} </ref> Zinc is also involved in [[olfaction]]: the [[olfactory receptor]]s contain zinc binding sites and a deficiency in zinc causes [[anosmia]]. Zinc is an activator of certain enzymes, such as [[carbonic anhydrase]]. Carbonic anhydrase is important in the transport of carbon dioxide in vertebrate blood. It is also required in plants for leaf formation, the synthesis of indole acetic acid (auxin) and anaerobic respiration (alcoholic fermentation).<ref>[http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/ap/ae/2000/00000044/00000004/art00610 Effects of indole-3-acetic acid and zinc on the plant growth]</ref> ===Food sources=== Zinc is found in oysters, and to a far lesser degree in most animal proteins, beans, nuts, almonds, whole grains, pumpkin seeds and sunflower seeds.<ref name=USDA_Zn> {{ cite web |url=http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/foodcomp/Data/SR20/nutrlist/sr20w309.pdf |title= Zinc content of selected foods per common measure |accessdate=2007-12-06 |format= pdf |publisher=[[United States Department of Agriculture|USDA]] |work=USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference, Release 20 }} </ref> A [[Turkey (bird)|turkey]]'s neck and [[beef]]'s chuck or shank also contain good amounts of zinc. [[Phytates]], which are found in whole grain breads, cereals, legumes and other products, have been known to decrease zinc absorption. Clinical studies have found that zinc, combined with [[antioxidants]], may delay progression of age-related [[macular degeneration]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11594942&dopt=AbstractPlus |title=Age-Related Eye Disease Study Research Group|accessdate=2007-11-13|publisher=www.pubmed.gov}}</ref> Significant dietary intake of zinc has also recently been shown to impede the onset of flu.<ref>[http://www.americanelements.com/zn.html Zinc essential to interrelated human immune functions]</ref> [[Soil conservation]] analyzes the vegetative uptake of naturally occurring zinc in many soil types. The US [[Reference Daily Intake|recommended dietary allowance]] of zinc from puberty on is 11mg for males and 8mg for females, with higher amounts recommended during pregnancy and lactation. ===Zinc deficiency=== {{main|Zinc deficiency}} Zinc deficiency occurs where insufficient zinc is available for metabolic needs. It is usually nutritional, but can also be associated with [[malabsorption]], [[acrodermatitis enteropathica]], chronic liver disease, chronic renal disease, sickle cell disease, diabetes, malignancy, and other chronic illnesses. ===Zinc toxicity=== Even though zinc is an essential requirement for a healthy body, too much zinc can be harmful. Excessive absorption of zinc can also suppress copper and iron absorption. The free zinc ion in solution is highly toxic to plants, invertebrates, and even vertebrate fish. The Free Ion Activity Model (FIAM) is well-established in the literature, and shows that just [[mole (unit)|micromolar]] amounts of the free ion kills some organisms. A recent example showed 6 micromolar killing 93% of all ''[[Daphnia]]'' in water.<ref>Muyssen et al., (Aquat Toxicol. 2006)</ref> The free zinc ion is also a powerful [[Lewis acid]] up to the point of being [[corrosive]]. Stomach acid contains [[hydrochloric acid]], in which metallic zinc dissolves readily to give corrosive [[zinc chloride]]. Swallowing a post 1982 American one [[Cent (United States coin)|cent]] piece (97.5% zinc) can cause damage to the stomach lining due to the high solubility of the zinc ion in the acidic stomach.<ref>Bothwell and Mair, PEDIATRICS 2003</ref> Zinc toxicity, mostly in the form of the ingestion of US pennies minted after 1982, is commonly fatal in dogs where it causes a severe [[hemolytic anemia]].<ref>Stowe CM, Nelson R, Werdin R, et al: Zinc phosphide poisoning in dogs. JAVMA 173:270, 1978</ref> In pet parrots zinc is highly toxic and poisoning can often be fatal<ref>See, for example, this [http://www.petparrots101.com/parrots-risk.asp list of common parrot illnesses and their causes].</ref>. There is evidence of induced copper deficiency at low intakes of 100–300 mg Zn/d. The USDA RDA is 15 mg Zn/d. Even lower levels, closer to the RDA, may interfere with the utilization of copper and iron or to adversely affect cholesterol.<ref>[http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/abstract/51/2/225 Zinc toxicity by GJ Fosmire, American Journal of Clinical Nutrition].</ref>. There is also a condition called the [[zinc shakes]] or "zinc chills" that can be induced by the inhalation of freshly formed [[zinc oxide]] formed during the [[welding]] of [[galvanize]]d materials. ===Immune system=== :''See also: [[Zinc gluconate]] Zinc salts are effective against [[pathogen]]s in direct application. [[Gastroenteritis]] is strongly attenuated by ingestion of zinc, and this effect could be due to direct antimicrobial action of the zinc ions in the GI tract, or to absorption of the zinc and re-release from immune cells (all [[granulocyte]]s secrete zinc), or both.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Aydemir, T, B.; Blanchard, R.K.; Cousins, R.J | year = 2006 | title = Zinc Supplementation of Young Men Alters Metallothionein, Zinc Transporter, and Cytokine Gene Expression in Leucocyte Populations | journal = PNS | volume = 103 | issue = 3 | pages = 1699-1704 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | author = Valko, M; Morris, H.; Cronin, MTD | year = 2005 | title = Metals, Toxicity and Oxidative stress | journal = Current Medicinal Chemistry | issue = 12 | pages = 1161–1208 | volume = 12 | doi = 10.2174/0929867053764635 <!--Retrieved from CrossRef by DOI bot--> }}</ref> In [[clinical trial]]s, both zinc gluconate and zinc gluconate glycine (the formulation used in lozenges) have been shown to shorten the duration of symptoms of the common cold.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Godfrey JC, Godfrey NJ, Novick SG. |title=Zinc for treating the common cold: Review of all clinical trials since 1984.|year=1996| pmid= 8942045}}</ref> The amount of glycine can vary from two to twenty moles per mole of zinc gluconate. It should be known that there have been clinical trials that both support the use of zinc for the common cold, and are inconclusive of its effectiveness. All clinical trials have their critics, including the dosage amount used, and the highly subjective format of patient self-reporting the results of their trials.<ref>[http://www.uspharmacist.com/oldformat.asp?url=newlook/files/alte/feat2.htm US Pharmacist, "Zinc and the Common Cold: What Pharmacists Need to Know", Darrell T. Hulisz, Pharm.D.]</ref> ==Abundance== :''See also: [[:Category:Zinc minerals|Zinc minerals]] Zinc is the 23rd most abundant element in the [[Earth's crust]]. The most heavily mined [[ore]]s (sphalerite) tend to contain roughly 10% [[iron]] as well as 40–50% zinc. Minerals from which zinc is extracted include [[sphalerite]] (zinc sulfide), [[smithsonite]] (zinc carbonate), [[hemimorphite]] (zinc silicate), and [[franklinite]] (a zinc spinel). The earth has been estimated to have 46 years supply of zinc.<ref>''New Scientist'', 26 May 2007. </ref> A chemist estimated in 2007 that at the current rate of usage, the world's supply of zinc would be exhausted by about the year 2037.<ref>[http://www.idtechex.com/products/en/articles/00000591.asp Augsberg University Calculate When Our Materials Run Out] retrieved May 4, 2008</ref> ==Zinc mining and processing== [[Image:Zinc (mined)2.PNG|thumb|right|Zinc output in 2005]] {{main|Zinc smelting}} {{see also|List of countries by zinc production}} Zinc is the fourth most common metal in use, trailing only [[iron]], [[aluminium]], and [[copper]] in annual production.{{Fact|date=July 2008}} There are zinc mines throughout the world, with the largest producers being [[China]], [[Australia]] and [[Peru]]. In 2005, China produced almost one-fourth of the global zinc output, reports the [[British Geological Survey]]. Mines and refineries in [[Europe]] include [[Umicore]] in [[Belgium]], [[Hill of Tara|Tara]], Galmoy and Lisheen in [[Ireland]] and [[Zinkgruvan]] in [[Sweden]]. Zinc metal is produced using [[extractive metallurgy]]. ==Alloys== The most widely used alloy of zinc is [[brass]], in which copper is alloyed with anywhere from 9% to 45% zinc, depending upon the type of brass, along with much smaller amounts of lead and tin. Alloys of 85–88% zinc, 4–10% copper, and 2–8% aluminium find limited use in certain types of machine bearings. Alloys of primarily zinc with small amounts of copper, aluminium, and magnesium are useful in [[die casting]] as well as [[spin casting]]. An example of this is [[zinc aluminium]]. Similar alloys with the addition of a small amount of lead can be cold-rolled into sheets. An alloy of 96% zinc and 4% aluminium is used to make stamping dies for low production run applications where ferrous metal dies would be too expensive.<ref name="samans">Samans, Carl H.: ''Engineering Metals and their Alloys'' MacMillan 1949</ref> ==Compounds== :''See also: [[:category:Zinc compounds|Zinc compounds]] [[Zinc oxide]] is perhaps the best known and most widely used zinc compound, as it makes a good base for white pigments in paint. It also finds industrial use in the rubber industry, and is sold as opaque [[sunscreen]]. A variety of other zinc compounds find use industrially, such as [[zinc chloride]] (in deodorants), [[zinc pyrithione]] (anti-[[dandruff]] [[shampoo]]s), [[zinc sulfide]] (in luminescent paints), and zinc methyl or [[zinc diethyl]] in the organic laboratory. Roughly one quarter of all zinc output is consumed in the form of zinc compounds. ==Isotopes== {{main|Isotopes of zinc}} Naturally occurring zinc is composed of the 5 stable [[isotope]]s <sup>64</sup>Zn, <sup>66</sup>Zn, <sup>67</sup>Zn, <sup>68</sup>Zn, and <sup>70</sup>Zn with <sup>64</sup>Zn being the most abundant (48.6% [[natural abundance]]). Twenty-one [[radioisotope]]s have been characterised with the most abundant and stable being <sup>65</sup>Zn with a [[half-life]] of 244.26 days, and <sup>72</sup>Zn with a half-life of 46.5 hours. All of the remaining [[radioactive]] isotopes have half-lives that are less than 14 hours and the majority of these have half lives that are less than 1 second. This element also has 4 [[meta state]]s. Zinc has been proposed as a "[[Salted bomb|salting]]" material for [[nuclear weapon]]s ([[cobalt]] is another, better-known salting material). A jacket of [[Isotope separation|isotopically enriched]] <sup>64</sup>Zn, irradiated by the intense high-energy neutron flux from an exploding thermonuclear weapon, would transmute into the radioactive isotope Zn-65 with a half-life of 244 days and produce approximately 2.27 [[MeV]] of [[Gamma ray|gamma radiation]], significantly increasing the radioactivity of the weapon's [[Nuclear fallout|fallout]] for several days. Such a weapon is not known to have ever been built, tested, or used. ==References== *[http://periodic.lanl.gov/elements/30.html Los Alamos National Laboratory - Zinc] *[http://www.webelements.com/webelements/elements/text/Zn/index.html WebElements.com &ndash; Zinc] {{reflist|2}} ==External links== {{Commons|Zinc}} {{wiktionary|zinc}} *[http://www.vanderkrogt.net/elements/elem/zn.html History & Etymology of Zinc] <!-- *[http://www.iza.com/zwo_org/Publications/Discovering/0202.htm Discovering the 8th metal] --> *[http://minerals.er.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/zinc/ Statistics and Information from the U.S. Geological Survey] *[http://www.organic-chemistry.org/chemicals/reductions/zinc-zn.shtm Reducing Agents > Zinc] *[http://www.zinc.org American Zinc Association] Information about the uses and properties of zinc. *[http://ptcl.chem.ox.ac.uk/MSDS/ZI/zinc.html Outline safety data for zinc] {{clear}} {{compact periodic table}} [[Category:Chemical elements]] [[Category:Dietary minerals]] [[Category:Pyrotechnic fuels]] [[Category:Reducing agents]] [[Category:Zinc| ]] <!-- interwiki --> [[af:Sink]] [[ar:خارصين]] [[ast:Cinc]] [[az:Sink]] [[zh-min-nan:Zn (goân-sò͘)]] [[be:Цынк]] [[bs:Cink]] [[bg:Цинк]] [[ca:Zinc]] [[cs:Zinek]] [[co:Zingu]] [[cy:Sinc]] [[da:Zink]] [[de:Zink]] [[et:Tsink]] [[el:Ψευδάργυρος]] [[es:Zinc]] [[eo:Zinko]] [[eu:Zink]] [[fa:روی]] [[fr:Zinc]] [[fur:Zinc]] [[ga:Sinc]] [[gv:Shinc]] [[gl:Cinc]] [[ko:아연]] [[hy:Ցինկ]] [[hi:जस्ता]] [[hr:Cink]] [[io:Zinko]] [[id:Seng]] [[is:Sink]] [[it:Zinco]] [[he:אבץ]] [[jv:Sèng]] [[sw:Zinki]] [[ht:Zenk]] [[ku:Çînko]] [[la:Zincum]] [[lv:Cinks]] [[lt:Cinkas]] [[jbo:zinki]] [[hu:Cink]] [[mk:Цинк]] [[ml:നാകം]] [[mi:Konutea]] [[mr:झिंक]] [[mn:Цайр]] [[nl:Zink (element)]] [[new:जिन्क]] [[ja:亜鉛]] [[no:Sink]] [[nn:Sink]] [[oc:Zinc]] [[uz:Rux]] [[nds:Zink]] [[pl:Cynk]] [[pt:Zinco]] [[ro:Zinc]] [[qu:Tsinku]] [[ru:Цинк]] [[sa:वङ्गम्]] [[scn:Zincu]] [[simple:Zinc]] [[sk:Zinok]] [[sl:Cink]] [[sr:Цинк]] [[sh:Cink]] [[fi:Sinkki]] [[sv:Zink]] [[ta:துத்தநாகம்]] [[th:สังกะสี]] [[vi:Kẽm]] [[tg:Руҳ]] [[tr:Çinko]] [[uk:Цинк]] [[ur:خارصین]] [[zh-yue:鋅]] [[zh:锌]]