Zoology
34413
225598220
2008-07-14T14:11:19Z
Dpbsmith
21036
Both pronunciations already stated. No source is given for the "zoo" pronunciation as becoming more common, so let's not mention this unless there is a source.
{{zoology|Image:Animal_diversity_October_2007.jpg}}
'''Zoology''' (from [[Greek language|Greek]] ''ζῴον'', ''zoon'', "animal" + ''λόγος'', "[[logos]]", "knowledge") is the [[biology|biological]] [[academic discipline|discipline]] which involves the study of [[animals]].
==Name==
The pronunciation of "zoology" is {{IPA|/zoʊˈɑləʤɪ/}}; however, an alternative pronunciation is {{IPA|/zuˈɑləʤɪ/}}.<ref name = "dictionary">{{cite web |url=http://dictionary.reference.com/search?q=zoology |title=Zoology |publisher=[[Dictionary.com]] |accessmonthday=26 April |accessyear=2007}}</ref> The word zoology originates from the [[Greek language|Greek]] ''zōon'', meaning animal, and [[logos]], meaning study.
== Subfields of zoology==
The study of animal life is, of course, ancient: but as 'zoology' it is relatively modern, for what we call biology was known as '[[natural history]]' at the start of the nineteenth century. During the lifetime of [[Charles Darwin]], natural history turned from a gentlemanly pursuit to a modern scientific activity. Zoology as we know it was first established in German and British universities. The institution of zoology training in British universities was mainly established by [[Thomas Henry Huxley]]. His ideas were centered on the [[morphology (biology)|morphology]] of animals: he was himself the greatest comparative anatomist of the second half of the nineteenth century. His courses were composed of lectures and laboratory practical classes; and his system became widely spread.
There was much left out by Huxley, especially the study of animals in their environment, which had been the main stimulus for both Darwin and [[Alfred Wallace]] (who both came up with the idea of [[natural selection]]). The fact that neither Darwin nor Wallace ever held a university teaching post may have contributed to this rather startling omission. Gradually Huxley's [[comparative anatomy]] was supplemented by other much-needed methods. The field of zoology in the twentieth century mainly comprised these approaches:
# [[Comparative anatomy]] studies the structure of animals.
# The [[physiology]] of animals is studied under various fields including [[anatomy]] and [[embryology]]
# The common [[genetics|genetic]] and developmental mechanisms of animals and plants is studied in [[molecular biology]], [[molecular genetics]] and [[developmental biology]]
# [[Ethology]] is the study of animal behavior.
# The [[ecology]] of animals is covered under [[behavioral ecology]] and other fields
# [[Evolutionary biology]] of both animals and plants is considered in the articles on [[evolution]], [[population genetics]], [[heredity]], [[variation]], [[Mendelism]], [[reproduction]].
# [[Systematics]], [[cladistics]], [[phylogenetics]], [[phylogeography]], [[biogeography]] and [[taxonomy]] classify and group species via common descent and regional associations.
# The various taxonomically-oriented disciplines such as [[mammalogy]], [[herpetology]], [[ornithology]] identify and classify [[species]], and study the structures and mechanisms specific to those groups. [[Entomology]] is the study of [[insects]], by far the largest group of animals.
# [[Palaeontology]], including all that may be learnt of ancient environments.
== Systems of classification ==
{{main|Scientific classification}}
Morphography includes the systematic exploration and tabulation of the facts involved in the recognition of all the recent and extinct kinds of animals and their distribution in space and time. (1) The [[museum]]-makers of old days and their modern representatives the curators and describers of zoological collections, (2) early [[exploration|explorer]]s and modern naturalist travelers and writers on zoo-geography, and (3) [[Collecting|collectors]] of [[fossil]]s and [[palaeontologist]]s are the chief varieties of zoological workers coming under this heading. Gradually, since the time of [[John Hunter (surgeon)|Hunter]] and [[Georges Cuvier|Cuvier]], [[anatomical]] study has associated itself with the more superficial morphography until today no one considers a study of animal form of any value which does not include internal structure, [[histology]] and [[embryology]] in its scope.
The real dawn of zoology after the legendary period of the [[Middle Ages]] is connected with the name of an [[Englishman]], [[Edward Edward Wotton]], born at [[Oxford]] in 1492, who practised as a [[physician]] in [[London]] and died in 1555. He published a treatise ''[[De differentiis animalium]]'' at [[Paris]] in 1552. In many respects Wotton was simply an exponent of [[Aristotle]], whose teaching, - with various fanciful additions, constituted the real basis of zoological knowledge throughout the Middle Ages. It was Wotton's merit that he rejected the legendary and fantastic accretions, and returned to Aristotle and the observation of nature.
The most ready means of noting the progress of zoology during the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries is to compare Aristotle's classificatory conceptions of successive.
==Notable zoologists==
{{main|List of zoologists}}
''In alphabetical order by surname:''
<div style="-moz-column-count:3; column-count:3;">
* [[Louis Agassiz]] ([[malacology]], [[ichthyology]])
* [[Aristotle]]
* [[David Attenborough]]
* [[Henry Walter Bates]] ([[Batesian mimicry]], [[Amazon Basin|Amazon]])
* [[Pierre Joseph Bonnaterre]]
* [[William H. Cade]] ([[Evolution of insect mating behavior]])
* [[Rachel Carson]] ([[marine biologist]])
* [[Archie Carr]] ([[Herpetology]], esp. sea turtles)
* [[Archie Carr III]], ([[mammal|wild mammals]])
* [[Eugenie Clark]] ([[Ichthyology]])
* [[Jeff Corwin]] ([[herpetology]])
* [[Emmet Kinsella]] (Sexuality of [[Dolphin]]s)
* [[Georges Cuvier]] (founder of [[comparative morphology]])
* [[Charles Darwin]] ([[theory of evolution]], [[natural selection]])
* [[Richard Dawkins]] ([[ethology]], [[evolutionary biology]])
* [[James R. Dixon]] ([[Herpetology]])
* [[George A. Feldhamer]] ([[mammalogy]])
* [[William Flower]] ([[mammals]])
* [[Edmund Brisco Ford]] ([[ecological genetics]])
* [[Dian Fossey]] ([[primatology]])
* [[Birutė Galdikas]] ([[primatology]])
* [[Jane Goodall]] ([[primatology]])
* [[Harry W. Greene]] ([[Herpetology]])
* [[Arthur Davis Hasler]] ([[limnology]], [[ichthyology]], salmon homing)
* [[Victor Hensen]] ([[planktology]])
* [[Bernard Heuvelmans]] ([[cryptozoology]])
* [[Julian Huxley]] ([[evolutionary synthesis]], [[humanism]], [[World Wildlife Fund]], [[UNESCO]])
* [[Thomas Henry Huxley]] ([[evolution]], [[agnosticism]], [[science education]])
* [[Libbie Hyman]] ([[invertebrate zoology]])
* [[Steve Irwin]] ([[herpetology]])
* [[Al-Jahiz]]
* [[William Kirby (entomologist)|William Kirby]] (father of [[entomology]])
* [[Hans-Wilhelm Koepcke]] ([[ornithology]], [[herpetology]])
* [[E. Ray Lankester]] (zoology and [[comparative anatomy]])
* [[Carolus Linnaeus]] (father of [[systematics]])
* [[Konrad Lorenz]] ([[ethology]])
* [[David W. Macdonald]] ([[mammal|wild mammals]])
* [[John Maynard Smith]] ([[evolutionary biology]], [[genetics]])
* [[Ernst Mayr]] ([[evolutionary biology]])
* [[Montgomery Montgomery]] ([[Herpetology]])
* [[Fritz Müller]] ([[evolutionary biology]], [[Müllerian mimicry]], [[Brazil]])
* [[Desmond Morris]] ([[ethology]])
* [[Ron Nowak]] ([[mammal|wild mammals]])
* [[Richard Owen]] ([[vertebrate palaeontology]], [[dinosaur]]s, [[Natural History Museum]])
* [[Roger Tory Peterson]] ([[ornithology]])
* [[Eric Pianka]] ([[herpetologist]])
* [[William Emerson Ritter]] ([[marine biology]])
* [[Thomas Say]] ([[entomology]])
* [[Shen Kuo]] (medieval Chinese zoologist)
* [[Su Song]] (medieval Chinese zoologist)
* [[Dave Salmoni]]
* [[Jakob van Uexküll]] (animal behavior, [[invertebrate zoology]])
* [[Ernst Freiherr von Blomberg]] ([[anthrozoology]] and religion)
* [[Ernest P. Walker]] ([[mammal|wild mammals]])
* [[Alfred Russel Wallace]] ([[natural selection]], [[zoogeography]], animal colouration, [[Amazon Basin|Amazon]], [[East Indies]])
* [[John Werler]] ([[Herpetology]])
* [[E.O. Wilson]] ([[entomology]], especially [[ants]], founder of [[sociobiology]])
* [[Robert Broom]]
* [[Austin Stevens]] ([[herpetology]], especially [[snakes]] and other serpents.
</div>
== See also ==
<div style="-moz-column-count:3; column-count:3;">
* [[Zoological distribution]]
* [[Zootomy]] - the study of animal anatomy or animal dissection
* [[Cryptozoology]] - the pseudoscientific study of hidden or unknown animals
* [[Paleontology]] - the study life in the past
* [[Oceanography]] - the study of the oceans
* [[Entomology]] - the area of biology that studies [[insect]]s
* [[Botany]] - the area of biology that studies [[plant]]s
* [[Microtomy]]
* [[List of zoologists]]
* [[List of publications in biology#Zoology|Important Publications in Zoology]]
* [[Anthrozoology]]
* [[Animals in Buddhism]]
* [[Islam and animals]]
* [[Timeline of zoology]]
* [[History of zoology (through 1859)]]
</div>
==Sources and external links==
{{wikibooks}}
{{WVS}}
{{wiktionarypar|zoology}}
*''[http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Invertebrate_Zoology A Study Guide to Invertebrate Zoology]'' ~ at ''Wikibooks''
*''[http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/onlinedictinvertzoology/ Online Dictionary of Invertebrate Zoology]''
*''[http://www.digitalzoology.com An online dissection pictures of animals]''
*''[http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/zoology Dictionary.com's discussion of pronunciation]''
*''[http://scienceblogs.com/zooillogix Bizarre zoology news]''
<br clear="both" />
==References==
<references/>
* {{1911}}
{{Biology-footer}}
[[Category:Zoology|*]]
[[Category:Greek loanwords]]
[[af:Dierkunde]]
[[ar:علم الحيوان]]
[[an:Zoolochía]]
[[frp:Zoologia]]
[[bn:প্রাণিবিজ্ঞান]]
[[bs:Zoologija]]
[[br:Loenoniezh]]
[[bg:Зоология]]
[[ca:Zoologia]]
[[cs:Zoologie]]
[[cy:Sŵoleg]]
[[da:Zoologi]]
[[de:Zoologie]]
[[et:Zooloogia]]
[[el:Ζωολογία]]
[[es:Zoología]]
[[eo:Zoologio]]
[[eu:Zoologia]]
[[fa:جانورشناسی]]
[[fr:Zoologie]]
[[fy:Soölogy]]
[[fur:Zoologjie]]
[[ga:Zó-eolaíocht]]
[[gl:Zooloxía]]
[[ko:동물학]]
[[hi:प्राणी विज्ञान]]
[[hsb:Zoologija]]
[[hr:Zoologija]]
[[io:Zoologio]]
[[id:Zoologi]]
[[ia:Zoologia]]
[[ie:Zoologie]]
[[os:Зоологи]]
[[is:Dýrafræði]]
[[it:Zoologia]]
[[he:זואולוגיה]]
[[jv:Zoologi]]
[[kn:ಪ್ರಾಣಿಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ]]
[[ka:ზოოლოგია]]
[[ku:Zoolojî]]
[[lad:Zoolojia]]
[[la:Zoologia]]
[[lv:Zooloģija]]
[[lb:Zoologie]]
[[lt:Zoologija]]
[[hu:Zoológia]]
[[mk:Зоологија]]
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[[ja:動物学]]
[[no:Zoologi]]
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[[ro:Zoologie]]
[[qu:Suwuluhiya]]
[[ru:Зоология]]
[[sco:Zoology]]
[[sq:Zoologjia]]
[[scn:Zuoluggìa]]
[[simple:Zoology]]
[[sk:Zoológia]]
[[sl:Zoologija]]
[[sr:Зоологија]]
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[[fi:Eläintiede]]
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[[ta:விலங்கியல்]]
[[tet:Zoolojia]]
[[th:สัตววิทยา]]
[[vi:Động vật học]]
[[tg:Зоология]]
[[tr:Zooloji]]
[[uk:Зоологія]]
[[ur:حیوانیات]]
[[vo:Nimav]]
[[yi:זאאלאגיע]]
[[zh-yue:動物學]]
[[zh:动物学]]