Zoonosis 34439 225847828 2008-07-15T18:00:11Z Rjwilmsi 203434 gen fixes + link/fix date fields in cite templates (explanation [[User:Rjwilmsi#My_correction_of_citation_templates|here]]) using [[Project:AutoWikiBrowser|AWB]] A '''zoonosis''' ({{pronEng|ˌzoʊəˈnoʊsɨs}}) is any [[infectious disease]] that is able to be transmitted (by a [[Vector (biology)|vector]])<!-- vector is only a noun although it is often misused as a verb. The action of a vector is to transmit. --> from other [[animal]]s, both wild and domestic, to [[human]]s or from humans to animals (the latter is sometimes called '''reverse zoonosis'''). The word is derived from the [[Greek language|Greek]] words ''zoon'' (animal) (IPA: zo'on) and ''nosos'' (disease). Many serious diseases fall under this category. The plural of ''zoonosis'' is ''zoonoses'', from which an alternative singular ''zoonose'' is derived by [[back-formation]]. The simplest definition of a zoonosis is a [[disease]] that can be transmitted from other vertebrate animals to humans. A slightly more technical definition is a disease that normally exists in other animals, but also infects humans. The emerging interdisciplinary field of [[conservation medicine]], which integrates human and [[veterinary medicine]], and [[environmental science]]s, is largely concerned with zoonoses. ==Partial list of carriers== A partial list of agents that can carry infectious organisms that may be zoonotic includes: * [[Bat]]s * [[Bird]]s * [[Cat]]s * [[Cattle]] * [[Chimpanzee]]s * [[Dog]]s * [[Geese]] * [[Goat]]s * [[Horse]]s * [[Hamster]]s * [[Human]]s * [[Monkey]]s * [[Mosquito]]s * [[Flea]]s * [[Opossum]]s * [[Pig]]s * [[Rabbit]]s and [[hare]]s * [[Raccoon]]s * [[Rat]]s * [[Rodent]]s * [[Snail]]s * [[Sloth]]s * [[Fish]] * [[Sheep]] ==List of infectious agents== Zoonoses can be listed according to the infectious agent: * [[Parasites]] which includes [[protozoa]], [[helminths]] ([[cestodes]] and [[trematodes]]) * [[Bacterium|Bacteria]] * [[Virus (biology)|Viruses]] * [[Fungi]] * [[Prions]] == Partial list of important zoonoses == * [[Anthrax disease|Anthrax]] * [[Influenzavirus A|Avian Influenza (Bird Flu)]] * [[Bolivian hemorrhagic fever]] * [[Brucellosis]] * [[Borrelia]] (Lyme disease and others) * [[Borna virus]] infection * [[Mycobacterium bovis|Bovine tubercolosis]] * [[Campylobacteriosis]] * [[Chagas disease]] * [[Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease]] (vCJD) a [[Transmissible spongiform encephalopathy]] (TSE) from [[Bovine spongiform encephalopathy]] (BSE) or "Mad cow disease" * [[Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever]] * [[Cryptosporidiosis]] * [[Cutaneous larva migrans]] * [[Dengue Fever]] * [[Ebola]] * [[Echinococcosis]] * [[Hantavirus]] * [[Hendra virus]] * [[Henipavirus]] * [[Korean hemorrhagic fever]] * [[Lábrea fever]] * [[Lassa fever]] * [[Leishmaniasis]] * [[Leptospirosis]] * [[Listeriosis]] * [[Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus]] * [[Malaria]] * [[Marburg virus]] infection * [[Monkey B virus]] * [[Nipah virus]] * [[Ocular larva migrans]] * [[Ornithosis]] (psittacosis) * [[Orf (animal disease)]] * [[Oropouche fever]] * [[Plague (disease)|Plague]] * [[q fever|Q-Fever]] * [[Psittacosis]], also called "parrot fever" * [[Rabies]] * [[Rift Valley fever]] * [[Ringworm]]s (Tinea canis, mainly) * [[Salmonellosis]] * [[Sodoku]] * [[Toxoplasmosis]] * [[Trichinosis]] * [[Tularemia]], also called "Rabbit Fever" * [[Typhus (disease)|Typhus]] and other [[Rickettsiae|Rickettsial]] diseases * [[Venezuelan hemorrhagic fever]] * [[Visceral larva migrans]] * [[Yellow fever]] Other zoonoses might be * [[Glanders]] * [[SARS]] (possibly; [[civet]] cats may spread the disease, or may catch the disease from humans.) This list is by no means complete. The [[influenza]] virus is an interesting example: It continually recombines genes between strains found in humans, swine and avians, producing new strains with changed characteristics, and occasionally, as in 1918, [[Spanish Flu|killing millions worldwide]]. ==Historical development of zoonotic diseases== Most of human [[prehistory]] was spent as small bands of [[hunter-gatherers]]; these bands were rarely larger than [[Dunbar's number|150]] individuals, and were not in contact with other bands very often. Because of this, [[epidemic]] or [[pandemic]] diseases, which depend on a constant influx of humans who have not developed an [[immune response]], tended to burn out after their first run through a population. To survive, a biological pathogen had to be a [[chronic (medicine)|chronic]] infection, stay alive in the host for long periods of time, or have a non-human reservoir in which to live while waiting for new hosts to pass by. In fact, for many 'human' diseases, the human is actually an accidental victim and a [[dead-end host]]. (This is the case with [[rabies]], [[anthrax disease|anthrax]], [[tularemia]], [[West Nile virus]], and many others). Thus much of human development has been in relation to zoonotic, not epidemic, diseases. Many modern diseases, even epidemic diseases, started out as zoonotic diseases. It is hard to be certain which diseases jumped from other animals to humans, but there is good evidence that [[measles]], [[smallpox]], [[influenza]], [[HIV]], and [[diphtheria]] came to us this way. [The [[common cold]], and [[tuberculosis]] may also have started in other species. In modern days, zoonoses are of practical interest because they are often previously unrecognized diseases or have increased virulence in populations lacking immunity. The West Nile virus appeared in the [[United States]] in 1999 in the [[New York City]] area, and moved through the country in the summer of 2002, causing much distress. [[Bubonic plague]] is a zoonotic disease, as are [[salmonella]], [[Rocky Mountain spotted fever]], and [[Lyme disease]]. The major factor contributing to the appearance of new zoonotic pathogens in human populations is increased contact between humans and wildlife (Daszak ''et al''., 2001). This can be caused either by encroachment of human activity into wilderness areas or by movement of wild animals into areas of human activity due to anthropological or environmental disturbances. An example of this is the outbreak of [[henipavirus|Nipah virus]] in peninsular Malaysia in 1999, when intensive pig farming intruded into the natural habitat of fruit bats carrying the virus. Unidentified spillover events caused infection of the pig population which acted as an amplifier host, eventually transmitting the virus to farmers and resulting in 105 human deaths (Field ''et al''., 2001). Similarly, in recent times avian influenza and West Nile virus have spilled over into human populations probably due to interactions between the carrier host and domestic animals. Highly mobile animals such as bats and birds may present a greater risk of zoonotic transmission than other animals due to the ease with which they can move into areas of human habitation. Diseases like [[malaria]], [[schistosomiasis]], [[river blindness]], and [[elephantiasis]] are ''not'' zoonotic, even though they may be transmitted by insects or use intermediate hosts [[vector (biology)|vector]]s, because they depend on the human host for part of their life-cycle. ==Partial List of Outbreaks of Zoonosis Associated with Fairs and Petting Zoos== {{worldwide}} [[Outbreak]]s of zoonosis have been traced to human interaction with and exposure to animals at [[fair]]s, [[petting zoo]]s, and in other settings. In 2005, the [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC) issued an updated list of recommendations for preventing zoonosis transmission in public settings.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |title= Compendium of Measures To Prevent Disease Associated with Animals in Public Settings, 2005: National Association of State Public Health Veterinarians, Inc. (NASPHV) |journal=MMWR |volume= 54 |issue=No. RR-4 |pages=inclusive page numbers |year=2005 |url=http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/PDF/rr/rr5404.pdf}}</ref> The CDC recommendations, which were developed in conjunction with the [http://www.nasphv.org/ National Association of State Public Health Veterinarians], include sections on the educational responsibilities of venue operators, managing public and animal contact, and animal care and management. In 1988, a person became ill with [[Swine Flu|Swine Influenza Virus]] (Swine Flu) and died after visiting the display area of the pig barn at a [[Wisconsin]] county fair. Three healthcare personnel treating the case patient also developed flu-like illness with laboratory evidence of Swine Influenza Virus infection.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Wells, et al. |title=Swine influenza virus infections. Transmission from ill pigs to humans at a Wisconsin agricultural fair and subsequent probable person-to-person transmission |journal=JAMA |volume=265 |issue=4 |pages=481 |year=1991 | doi = 10.1001/jama.265.4.478 <!--Retrieved from CrossRef by DOI bot-->}}</ref> Investigators from the CDC indicated in their final report that the Swine Flu had been transmitted directly from pig to human host.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |title=Human infection with swine influenza virus – Wisconsin |journal=MMWR |volume=37 |issue=43 |pages=661–3 |url= http://www.cdc.gov/MMWR/preview/mmwrhtml/00021592.htm }}</ref> In 1994, seven cases of ‘’E. coli’’ O157:H7 infection were traced to a [[farm]] in [[Leicestershire]], [[United Kingdom]]. An [[epidemiological]] investigation into the outbreak revealed that the [[strain (biology)|strain]] of ‘’E. coli’’ O157:H7 isolated from nine animals on the farm was indistinguishable from the strain isolated from human samples. Investigators concluded that the most likely cause of this outbreak was direct human contact with animals.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Shukla, et al. |title=’’Escherichia coli’’ O157 infection associated with a farm visitor center |journal=Communicable Disease Report |volume=5 |issue=6 |pages=R86–R90}}</ref> In 1995, 43 children who had visited a rural farm in [[Wales]] became ill with [[Cryptosporidiosis]]. ‘’Cryptosporidium’’ was isolated from seven of the ill children. An epidemiological investigation indicated that the source of the children’s illness was contact with [[calf|calves]] at the farm.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Evans, M. R. and D. Gardner |title=’’Cryptosporidiosis’’ Outbreak Associated with an Educational Farm Holiday |journal=Commun Dis Rep CDR Rev. 29 |volume=6 |issue=4 |pages=R67 |year=1996 |id=ISSN: 1350-9349}}</ref> Also in 1995, at least thirteen children became ill with ‘’Cryptosporidiosis’’ after visiting a farm in [[Dublin]], [[Ireland]]. In a [[case-control|case-control study]], researchers compared the activities of the thirteen ill children, or cases, to the activities of 52 out of 55 people who had visited the farm – the [[scientific control|controls]]. The study revealed that illness was [[statistical significance|significantly associated]] with playing in the sand in a picnic area beside a stream where animals had access.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Sayers, et al. |title=Cryptosporidiosis in children who visited an open farm. |journal=Commun Dis Rep CDR Rev. 13 |volume=6 |issue=10 |pages=R140–4 |year=1996}}</ref> In 1997, an ‘’E. coli’’ O157:H7 outbreak was identified among one child who lived on an open farm and two children who visited the farm during school parties. Two of the three children developed [[hemolytic uremic syndrome]] (HUS). Isolates collected from the three children and from samples taken at the farm were indistinguishable, demonstrating evidence of the link between the farm and the children’s illness.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Milne, et al. |title=’’Escherichia coli’’ O157 incident associated with a farm open to members of the public |journal= Communicable Disease and Public Health |pages=22–26 |year=1999 |volume=2}}</ref> In 1999, what is believed to be the largest outbreak of waterborne ‘’E. coli’’ O157:H7 illness in [[United States]] history occurred at the [[Washington County, New York|Washington County]], [[New York]] fair. The [http://www.health.state.ny.us/ New York State Department of Health] identified 781 individuals who were suspected of being infected with either ‘’E. coli’’ O157:H7 or ‘’Campylobacter jejuni’’. An investigation into the outbreak revealed that consumption of beverages purchased from vendors supplied with water drawn from an [[chlorinated|unchlorinated]] fairgrounds well was associated with illness. In all, 127 outbreak victims were confirmed ill with ‘’E. coli’’ O157:H7 infections; 71 were hospitalized, 14 developed HUS, and two died.<ref>{{cite paper |author=New York State Department of Health and A.C. Novello |title=The Washington County Fair outbreak report |year=2000}}</ref> In 2000, 51 people became ill with confirmed or suspected ‘’E. coli’’ O157:H7 infections after visiting a [[dairy]] farm in [[Pennsylvania]]. Eight children developed HUS. A case-control study among visitors to the dairy was conducted jointly by the CDC, [http://www.dsf.health.state.pa.us/health/site/default.asp Pennsylvania Department of Health], and the [[Montgomery County, Pennsylvania|Montgomery County]] Health Department. The study’s authors concluded that ‘’E. coli’’ was transmitted to visitors as a result of contamination on animal hides and in the environment.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |title=Outbreaks of ‘’Escherichia coli’’ O157:H7 infections among children associated with farm visits—Pennsylvania and Washington 2000 |journal=MMWR |volume=50 |issue=15 |pages=293–297 |year=2001 |url= http://www.cdc.gov/mmwR/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5015a5.htm}}</ref> Also in 2000, 43 visitors to the [[Medina County, Ohio|Medina County]] fair in [[Ohio]] were confirmed ill with ‘’E. coli’’ O157:H7 infections. An investigation into the outbreak suggested that the water system from which food vendors were supplied was the source of the ‘’E. coli’’ outbreak. Several months later, five children became ill with ‘’E. coli’’ infections after attending a “Carnival of Horrors” event held at the Medina County fairgrounds. PFGE analysis of the strains of ‘’E. coli’’ isolated from members of both outbreaks revealed an indistinguishable pattern, and investigators from the [http://www.medinahealth.org/ Medina County Health Department] and the CDC determined that the Medina County Fairgrounds water distribution system was the source of both ‘’E. coli’’ outbreaks.<ref>{{cite paper |author=Rickelman-Apisa, J.M. |title=Summary of ‘’E. coli’’O157:H7 Outbreak Associated with the Medina County Fairgrounds 2000 Fair and 2000 Carnival of Horrors |publisher=Medina County Health Department |date=2001-09-28}}</ref> In 2001, an ‘’E. coli’’ O157:H7 outbreak was traced to exposure in the Cow Palace at the [[Lorain County, Ohio|Lorain County]] Fair in Ohio. CDC investigators identified 23 cases of ‘’E. coli’’ infection associated with attendance at the Lorain County Fair, with additional secondary cases likely. Two people developed HUS. An environmental and site investigation revealed ‘’E. coli’’ contamination on doorways, rails, bleachers, and sawdust. Investigators concluded that the Lorain County Fair was the source of the outbreak.<ref name=”lorain”>{{cite paper |author= Varma, J.K. |title=Trip report epi-aid # 2001-84: Outbreaks of E. coli O157:H7 infections associated with Lorain and Wyandot County fairs, Ohio, September-October 2002 From Jay K. Varma, EIS officer, Food borne and Diarrheal Diseases branch to Forrest Smith, State Epidemiologist, Ohio department of Health. |publisher= Public Health Service. Department of Health and Human Services |date=2002-02-15}}</ref> [[Wyandot County, Ohio|Wyandot County]], Ohio, also reported an ‘’E. coli’’ O157:H7 outbreak in 2001. Ninety-two ‘’E. coli’’ infections were reported to the [http://www.wyandothealth.com/ Wyandot County Health Department] and the CDC, with 27 cases confirmed using laboratory analysis. Two cases developed HUS. Contact with infected cattle was believed to be the source of the outbreak; however, a specific cause was never identified.<ref name=”lorain”>{{cite paper |author= Varma, J.K. |title=Trip report epi-aid # 2001-84: Outbreaks of E. coli O157:H7 infections associated with Lorain and Wyandot County fairs, Ohio, September-October 2002 From Jay K. Varma, EIS officer, Food borne and Diarrheal Diseases branch to Forrest Smith, State Epidemiologist, Ohio department of Health. |publisher= Public Health Service. Department of Health and Human Services |date=2002-02-15}}</ref> In 2002, seven people became ill with ‘’E. coli’’ O157:H7 infections after visiting a large agricultural fair in [[Ontario]], [[Canada]]. Outbreak investigators conducted a case-control study, which indicated that goats and sheep from a petting zoo were the source of the ‘’E. coli’’ among fair visitors. Other indications were that the fencing and environment surrounding the petting zoo could have been a source of transmission.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Warshawsky, et al. |title=Outbreak of ‘’Escherichia coli’’ O157:H7 related to animal contact at a petting zoo |journal=Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=175–181}}</ref> What is believed to be the largest ‘’E. coli’’ O157:H7 outbreak in [[Oregon]] State history occurred among attendees at the [[Lane County, Oregon|Lane County]] Fair in 2002.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Oregon Department of Human Services |title=Hemorrhagic Escherichiosis from a County Fair |journal=CD Summary |volume=51 |issue=19 |date=2002-09-13 url=http://www.oregon.gov/DHS/ph/cdsumMarchy/2002/ohd5119.pdf |accessdate=2007-05-22|format=PDF}}</ref> An [http://www.oregon.gov/DHS/ph/index.shtml Oregon Department of Human Services – Health Services] investigation led to the belief that the ‘’E. coli’’ outbreak originated from exposure in the sheep and goat barn. In all, 79 people were confirmed ill with ‘’E. coli’’ infections as part of the outbreak; 22 were hospitalized, and 12 suffered HUS.<ref>{{cite paper |author=Oregon Department of Human Services, Health Services |title=2005 Ways and Means Presentation – Phase 1 |publisher=Oregon Department of Human Services |date=2005 |url=http://www.oregon.gov/DHS/aboutdhs/budget/0507budget/w-m_ph_ph1_ov.pdf |format=[[pdf]] |accessdate=2007-05-22}}</ref> In 2003, fair visitors and animal exhibitors at the [[Fort Bend, Texas|Fort Bend]] County Fair in Texas became ill with ‘’E. coli’’ O157:H7 infections. An outbreak investigation led to the determination that 25 people had become ill with ‘’E. coli’’ infections after attending the Fort Bend County Fair; seven people were laboratory-confirmed with ‘’E. coli’’, and 5 developed HUS or TTP ([[Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura]]). Investigators isolated a strain of ‘’E. coli’’ indistinguishable from the outbreak strain from four animal husbandry sites, and found high levels of ‘’E. coli’’ contamination in both rodeo and animal exhibit areas.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Durso, L.M., et al. |title=Shiga-Toxigenic ‘’Escherichia coli’’ (STEC) O157:H7 Infections Among Livestock Exhibitors and Visitors at a Texas County Fair |journal=Vector-Borne And Zoonotic Diseases |volume=5 |pages=193–201 |year=2005 | doi = 10.1089/vbz.2005.5.193 <!--Retrieved from CrossRef by DOI bot-->}}</ref> In 2004, a large ‘’E. coli’’ O157:H7 outbreak occurred among visitors at the 2004 [[North Carolina]] State Fair. During its investigation into the outbreak, the [http://www.dhhs.state.nc.us/ North Carolina Department of Health and Human Services (NCDHHS)] received over 180 reports of illness, and documented 33 culture-confirmed cases of ‘’E. coli’’ O157:H7 associated with attendance at the fair, with 15 children developing HUS. In its final investigation report, NCDHHS concluded that the North Carolina State Fair ‘’E. coli’’ outbreak had originated at a petting zoo exhibit. The conclusion was supported by a case-control study, environmental sampling, and laboratory analysis of samples collected from the fair and members of the outbreak.<ref>{{cite paper |last=Goode |first=B. |coauthors=O'Reilly, C. |title=Outbreak of Shiga toxin producing ‘’E. coli’’ (STEC) infections associated with a petting zoo at the North Carolina State Fair – Raleigh, North Carolina, November 2004 Final Report |publisher=North Carolina Department of Health and Human Services |date=2005-06-29}}</ref> In 2005, a petting zoo that exhibited at two [[Florida]] fairs and a festival was traced as the source of an ‘’E. coli’’ O157:H7 outbreak. Sixty-three people who had visited either the Florida State Fair, the Central Florida Fair, or the Florida Strawberry Festival reported illness to investigators for the [http://www.doh.state.fl.us/ Florida Department of Health], including 20 who were culture-confirmed and 7 with HUS. A case-control study revealed that illness was associated with exposure to a petting zoo exhibit present at all three events.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |title=Outbreaks of ‘’Escherichia coli’’ O157:H7 Associated with Petting Zoos — North Carolina, Florida, and Arizona, 2004 and 2005 |journal=MMWR |volume=54 issue= 50 |pages=1279 |year=2005}}</ref> == Contribution of zoonotic pathogens to foodborne illness == The most significant zoonotic pathoges that cause the foodborne diseases are those of [[Escherichia coli O157:H7]], ''[[Campylobacters]]'', ''[[Caliciviridae]]'', ''[[Salmonella]]'' ''[[Bovine spongiform encephalopathy]]'' <ref name=czpf>{{cite journal | last = Humphrey | first = Tom ''et al.'' | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = Campylobacters as zoonotic pathogens: A food production perspective | journal = International Journal of Food Microbiology | volume = 117 | issue = 3 | pages = 237–257 | publisher = | date = 2007 | url = | doi = 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2007.01.006 | accessdate = 5 April | accessyear = 2008 }}</ref><sup>,</sup> <ref name=iear>{{cite journal | last = Cloeckaert | first = Axel | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = Introduction: emerging antimicrobial resistance mechanisms in the zoonotic foodborne pathogens Salmonella and Campylobacter | journal = Microbes and Infection | volume = 8 | issue = 7 | pages = 1889–1890 | publisher = | date = 2006 | url = | doi = 10.1016/j.micinf.2005.12.024 | accessdate = 5 April | accessyear = 2008 }}</ref><sup>,</sup> <ref name=tpge>{{cite web | last = Frederick | first = A. Murphy | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = The Threat Posed by the Global Emergence of Livestock, Food-borne, and Zoonotic Pathogens | work = | publisher = | date = | url = http://www.annalsonline.org/cgi/content/citation/894/1/20 | format = | doi = | accessdate = 5 April | accessyear = 2008 }}</ref> In 2006, a conference held in Berlin was focusing on the issue of zoonotic pathogen effects on [[food safety]], urging governments to intervene the problem, and the public to be vigilant towards the risks of catching food-borne diseases via the route of farm-to-dining table <ref name=psfz>{{cite web | last = Med-Vet-Net | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = Priority Setting for Foodborne and Zoonotic Pathogens | work = | publisher = | date = | url = http://www.medvetnet.org/pdf/Reports/Report_07-001.pdf | format = | doi = | accessdate = 5 April | accessyear = 2008 }}</ref>. ==Bibliography== *Field, H., Young, P., Yob, J. M., Mills, J., Hall, L., Mackenzie, J. (2001). The natural history of Hendra and Nipah viruses. ''Microbes and Infection'' '''3''', 307&ndash;314. *Daszak, P., Cunningham, A.A., Hyatt, A.D. (2001). Anthropogenic environmental change and the emergence of infectious diseases in wildlife. ''Acta Trop.'' '''78(2)''', 103&ndash;116. *H. Krauss, A. Weber, M. Appel, B. Enders, A. v. Graevenitz, H. D. Isenberg, H. G. Schiefer, W. Slenczka, H. Zahner: Zoonoses. Infectious Diseases Transmissible from Animals to Humans. 3rd Edition, 456 pages. ASM Press. American Society for Microbiology, Washington DC., USA. 2003. ISBN 1-55581-236-8 ==References== <div style="font-size:90%;"> <references /> </div> == See also == *[[Animal behaviour]] * [[Foodborne illness]] * [[Quantitative microbiological risk assessments]] * [[Spanish flu]] *[[Zoophilia]] *[[Zoophilia and health]] *[[Disinsection]] *[[Disinfection]] *[[Deratization]] == External links == * [http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/zoonoticspub/ Publications in Zoonotics and Wildlife Disease] [[Category:Animal diseases]] [[Category:Diseases]] [[Category:Zoonoses| ]] [[bs:Zoonoze]] [[bg:Зооноза]] [[cs:Zoonóza]] [[da:Zoonose]] [[de:Zoonose]] [[es:Zoonosis]] [[eu:Zoonosi]] [[fr:Zoonose]] [[gl:Zoonose]] [[id:Zoonosis]] [[ia:Zoonose]] [[it:Zoonosi]] [[hu:Zoonózis]] [[nl:Zoönose]] [[ja:人獣共通感染症]] [[no:Zoonose]] [[pl:Choroby odzwierzęce]] [[pt:Zoonose]] [[fi:Zoonoosi]] [[sv:Zoonos]] [[wa:Zonôze]] [[zh:人畜共通傳染病]]