Abkhazie 436108 31814648 2008-07-23T11:09:28Z Toubabmaster 298909 retrait bandeau ébauche {{Territoire | nom_français=Abkhazie | nom_local_1=Аҧсны | nom_local_2=აფხაზეთი | nom_local_3=Абхазия | langue_1=ab | langue_2=ka | langue_3=ru | image_drapeau=[[Image:Flag of Abkhazia.svg|125px|Drapeau de l'Abkhazie]] | lien drapeau=[[Drapeau de l'Abkhazie|Drapeau]] | image_blason=[[Image:Abkhazia COA.svg|75px|Armoiries de l'Abkhazie]] | lien blason=[[Armoiries de l'Abkhazie|Armoiries]] | image_carte=[[Image:Georgia Abkhazia map.png|290px]]<br /> | langues=[[Abkhaze]], [[géorgien]], [[russe]]&nbsp;{{refl|1}}, [[arménien]] | statut=République indépendante selon le droit abkhaze - Région autonome de la [[Géorgie (pays)|Géorgie]], sécessioniste selon le droit géorgien et non-reconnue par la communauté internationale | capitale=[[Soukhoumi]]<br /><small>{{coord|43|01|N|41|02|E}}</small> | titres_dirigeants=Gouv. séparatiste :<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;· <small>Président</small><br />&nbsp;&nbsp;· <small>Premier ministre</small><br />&nbsp;· Gouv. en exil :<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;· <small>Prés. du Conseil suprême</small><br />&nbsp;&nbsp;· <small>Prés. du Cabinet des Ministres</small> | type_gouvernement= | noms_dirigeants=&nbsp;<br /><br />[[Sergei Bagapsh]]<br />[[Alexander Ankvab]]<br />&nbsp;<br /><br />[[Temur Mzhavia]]<br />[[Irakli Alasania]] | superficie=8 600 | population_totale=~ 250 000 | population_année=2000 | densité=29 | pib= | pib_année= | pib_hab= | monnaie=[[Rouble]] | fuseau_horaire=+3 | domaine_internet= | indicatif_téléphonique= | hymne= | notes={{refa|1}} L'[[abkhaze]] est langue officielle par la constitution de la Géorgie ; le russe est utilisé ''de facto'' par le gouvernement séparatiste. }} L''''Abkhazie''' (en [[abkhaze]] Аҧсны/''Aphsny'', en [[géorgien]] აფხაზეთი/''Apkhazeti'', en [[russe]] Абха́зия/''Abkhazia'') est une [[république]] du [[Caucase]] indépendante [[de facto]] depuis [[1993]], mais non reconnue par la [[communauté internationale]] qui la rattache à la [[Géorgie (pays)|Géorgie]]. Son indépendance a été proclamée en [[1992]], un conflit militaire a ensuite eu lieu avec la Géorgie. Sa superficie est de 8&nbsp;600&nbsp;km², elle est situé dans le [[Caucase]] sur les bords de la [[mer Noire]]. Depuis [[août]] [[2004]], la Géorgie tente de reprendre le contrôle de cette ''République d'Aphsny'' en tirant sur tout navire s'approchant des côtes abkhazes et du port de [[Soukhoumi]], la capitale. Certains Abkhazes préfèrent prononcer le nom de leur capitale sans le ''i'' final (''Soukhoum''), parce que le ''i'' final des substantifs nominatifs vient du [[géorgien]]. L'Abkhazie est située à la frontière avec la [[Russie]], qui ne reconnaît pas officiellement son indépendance mais maintient cependant des liens, notamment diplomatiques, récemment encore renforcés.<ref>[http://www.rfi.fr/actufr/articles/100/article_65137.asp Moscou renforce ses liens avec l'Abkhazie et l'Ossétie du Sud]</ref> Forte d'une nouvelle activité [[viticole]], du développement du [[tourisme]] ([[climat]] favorable) et d'une attractivité globale grandissante qui entraîne une flambée de l'[[immobilier]], l'Abkhazie fait actuellement figure de nouvel eldorado pour les investisseurs russes<ref>[http://www.liberation.fr/transversales/grandsangles/331182.FR.php Abkhazie Dolce Vita sur une poudrière]</ref>. == Géographie et démographie== L'Abkhazie a une superficie d'environ 8&nbsp;600&nbsp;km². Elle est située à l'extrême ouest de la Géorgie, sur la côte nord de la [[mer Noire]]. Les monts du [[Caucase]], au nord et au nord-ouest, séparent l'Abkhazie de la [[Circassie]]. Au sud-est, elle est limitée par la [[Mingrélie]] et au sud-ouest par la mer Noire. La république est très [[Montagne|montagneuse]] (presque 75&nbsp;% de sa superficie est considérée comme montagnes ou piémont). Les installations humaines sont pratiquement confinées sur la côte et dans les vallées bien irriguées. Le climat est très doux ([[climat subtropical humide]]), ce qui fit de l'Abkhazie une destination populaire connue par les Soviétiques sous le nom de « Riviera géorgienne ». Elle est aussi réputée pour sa production agricole : [[thé]], [[tabac]], [[vin]] et [[fruit]]s. Les montagnes abkhaziennes abritent actuellement (depuis 2004) la [[cavité]] naturelle la plus profonde du monde&nbsp;: le [[gouffre]] [[Krubera-Voronja]], dont la profondeur dépasse les 2&nbsp;000 mètres. Les [[spéléologie|spéléologues]] du monde entier participent à l'exploration de ce gouffre, notamment des [[Russe]]s et des [[Ukrainien]]s. La démographie d'Abkhazie a connu de profonds changements depuis les années [[1990]]. Lors du dernier recensement soviétique en [[1989]], la population se montait à 500&nbsp;000 habitants, dont 48&nbsp;% de [[Géorgien]]s (principalement des [[Mingrel]]s) et seulement 17% d'[[Abkhaze]]s. En [[1993]], un conflit majeur amena l'Abkhazie à faire [[sécession]] de la Géorgie. Pendant cette période troublée, la population géorgienne - environ 250&nbsp;000 personnes - fut déplacée au cours d'une véritable campagne de [[purification ethnique]]. Le conflit n'est pas totalement achevé en 2008; la population d'Abkhazie se trouve fortement réduite et à majorité [[Abkhaze]]. Après les expulsions de Géorgiens, les Abkhazes sont devenus majoritaires et représentent 45% de la population. Les autres ethnies présentes sont les [[Russe]]s, les [[Arménien]]s, les [[Géorgien]]s, les [[Grèce|Grecs]]. La religion majoritaire est le [[christianisme]]. Quelques [[juif]]s sont également présents. == Histoire== === Histoire ancienne=== ====Proto-Abkhazes==== Les premières preuves archéologiques d'un établissement humain dans le Caucase occidental remonte à environ 4000 ans avant J.-C. Les historiens abkhazes appellent ces premières tribus les proto-Abkhazes et nous expliquent que ces tribus vivaient le long d'une bande côtière de la [[Mer Noire]] correspondant à peu près à la république abkhaze actuelle. ====Premier millénaire avant J.-C.==== *Du IXe siècle avant J.-C. au VIe siècle avant J.-C., le territoire de l'Abkhazie moderne a fait partie du royaume antique de Colchis. *En 63 avant J.-C., elle fut incorporée dans le royaume d'Egrisi. Les commerçants grecs établirent des ports le long du rivage de la Mer Noire. Ils fondèrent la cité de [[Dioscurias]], qui devint par la suite la ville moderne de [[Soukhoumi]], capitale historique de l'Abkhazie. ====Domination romaine==== *L'[[Egrisi]] fut conquis par l'[[Empire Romain]] au 1er siècle, il en fit partie jusqu'au VIe siècle *A partir du VIème il obtint un mesure d'autonomie mais reste intégré à l'[[Empire Byzantin]]. *Les Abkhazes ont été convertis au [[christianisme]] sous le règne de l'empereur byzantin Justinien Ier au milieu du VIème siècle. *L'Abkhazie devint une principauté autonome de l'empire bizantin au VIIe siècle, un statut qui durera jusqu'au VIème siècle quand elle fut unie au royaume géorgien d'Imereti. L'autorité réelle de Constantinople a diminué durant cette période. *Au XVIe siècle la zone fut conquise par l'empire des tabourets sous en lequel les Abkhazes seront partiellement converti l'[[Islam]]. Les tabourets furent chassés par le Géorgiens, qui établirent la principauté autonome d'Abkhazie sous la dynastie de Sharvashidze. {{Article détaillé|Liste des rois d'Abkhazie}} === L'Abkhazie au sein de l'Empire russe et de l'Union soviétique === <!-- The advance of the [[Russian Empire]] into the Caucasus region led to fierce fighting between the invading Russians and the indigenous Caucasian peoples. Various Georgian principalities were annexed to the empire between [[1801]]-[[1864]]. The Russians acquired possession of Abhkazia in a piecemeal fashion between [[1829]] and [[1842]], but their power was not firmly established before [[1864]], when they managed to abolish the local Principality. Large numbers of Muslim Abkhazians - said to have constituted as much as 60% of the Abkhazian population, though contemporary census reports were not very trustworthy - emigrated to the Ottoman Empire between [[1864]]-[[1878]] as a result of Russian oppression of Muslims. Modern Abkhazian historians insist that large areas of the region were left uninhabited, and that many [[Armenia]]ns, Georgians and Russians (all Christians) subsequently migrated to Abkhazia, resettling much of the vacated territory. This version of events is strongly contested by Georgian historians (see Lortkipanidze M., ''The Abkhazians and Abkhazia'', Tbilisi 1990) who argue that Georgian tribes ([[Samegrelo|Mingrelians]] and [[Svans]]) populated Abkhazia from ancient times, since the [[Colchis]] kingdom. According to Georgian scholars modern Abkhazians are the descendants of the North Caucasian tribes ([[Adygey]], [[Apsua]]), and are the ones who were moving down to Abkhazia from the North Caucasus mountains throughout the history and merging there with the existing Georgian population. Either way, according to a reliable reference source, by the beginning of the 20th century Abkhazians were a minority in the region. The ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]'' reported in [[1911]] that in the principal town, Sukhum-kaleh (modern Sukhumi; population then 43,000), two-thirds were Mingrelian Georgians and one-third Abkhazians. [[Image:Ritsa.jpg|thumb|250px|[[Lake Ritsa]] to the north from [[Pitsunda]].]] The takeover of the [[Bolsheviks]] following the [[Russian Revolution of 1917|Russian Revolution]] led to Abkhazia being granted a degree of cultural and political autonomy until in [[1931]] [[Stalin]] made it an autonomous republic within [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] Georgia. Despite its nominal autonomy, it was subjected to strong central rule from Tbilisi and the policy of "Georgianization" was forcibly imposed. Georgian became the official language, the Abkhaz language was banned, and cultural rights were repressed, with thousands of Abkhazians killed during Stalin's purges. [[Lavrenty Beria]] encouraged Georgian migration to Abkhazia, and many took up the offer and resettled there. Later, in the [[1950s]] and [[1960s]], [[Vazgen I]] and the Armenian church encouraged and funded the migration of Armenians to Abkhazia. Currently, Armenians are the largest minority group in Abkhazia. The repression of Abkhazians was ended after Stalin's death and Beria's execution, and Abkhazians were given a much more powerful role in the governance of the autonomous republic. As in most of the smaller autonomous republics, the Soviet government encouraged the growth of culture and particularly of literature. Ethnic quotas were established for certain bureaucratic posts, giving the Abkhaz a degree of political power that was disproportionate to their minority status in the republic. This was interpreted by some as a "divide and rule" policy whereby local elites were given a share in power in exchange for support for the Soviet regime. In Abkhazia as elsewhere, it led to other ethnic groups - in this case, the Georgians - resenting what they saw as unfair discrimination, thereby stoking ethnic discord in the republic. --> === La guerre en Abkhazie=== <!-- As the Soviet Union began to disintegrate at the end of the [[1980s]], ethnic tension grew between the Abkhazians and Georgians over Georgia's moves towards independence. Georgian nationalists held demonstrations in [[Tbilisi]] as early as [[1989]] demanding the full integration of Abkhazia into an independent Georgia. Many Abkhazians opposed this, fearing that an independent Georgia would lead to a renewed period of "Georgianization", and argued instead for the establishment of Abkhazia as an independent republic in its own right. The dispute soon turned violent, when rioting between Georgians and Abkhazians broke out in Sukhumi on [[16 July]] [[1989]]. 16 people were said to have been killed and another 137 injured following a dispute over university enrollment policies. After several days of violence, Soviet troops restored order in the city but blamed rival nationalist paramilitaries for "provoking" confrontations. Georgia declared independence on [[9 April]] [[1991]], under the rule of the former Soviet dissident [[Zviad Gamsakhurdia]]. He was overthrown in an armed rebellion between December [[1991]] and January [[1992]]. In December, the Georgian National Guard, under the command of [[Tengiz Kitovani]], laid siege to Gamsakhurdia's office. After months of stalemate he was forced to resign, and was replaced as president by [[Eduard Shevardnadze]], a former Soviet foreign minister whose rule began (in effect) as the public face of a government dominated by hardline Georgian nationalists. On [[21 February]] [[1992]], Georgia's ruling Military Council announced that it was abolishing the Soviet-era constitution and restoring the [[1921]] Constitution of the [[Democratic Republic of Georgia]]. Many Abkhazians interpreted this as an abolition of their autonomous status. In response, on [[23 July]] [[1992]], the Abkhazia government effectively declared independence, though this was not internationally recognized. The Georgian government accused Gamsakhurdia supporters of kidnapping Georgia's interior minister and holding him captive in Abkhazia. It dispatched 3,000 troops to the region, ostensibly to restore order, but heavy fighting between Georgian forces and Abkhazian separatists broke out in and around Sukhumi. The Abkhazian authorities rejected the government's claims, claiming that it was merely a pretext for an invasion. After about a week's fighting and many casualties on both sides, Georgian government forces managed to take control of most of Abkhazia and closed down the regional parliament. The Abkhazians' military defeat was met with a hostile response by the self-styled [[Confederation of Mountain Peoples of the Caucasus]], an umbrella group uniting a number of pro-Russian movements in the North Caucasus, Russia ([[Chechen]]s, [[Cossacks]], [[Ossetians]] and others). Hundreds of volunteer paramilitaries from Russia (including [[Shamil Basayev]], a little known former Russian army officer at that time) joined forces with the Abkhazian separatists to fight the Georgian government forces (see Wall Street Journal: Vladimir Socor, A Test Ground of Putin's International Conduct). In September, the Abkhazians and Russian paramilitaries mounted a major offensive after breaking a cease-fire, which drove the Georgian forces out of large swathes of the republic. Shevardnadze's government accused Russia of giving covert military support to the rebels with the aim of "detaching from Georgia its native territory and the Georgia-Russian frontier land". The year ended with the rebels in control of much of Abkhazia west of Sukhumi. Significant "[[ethnic cleansing]]" occurred on both sides, with Abkhazians displaced from Georgian-held territory and vice-versa; some 3,000 people were reported to have been killed in this first phase of the war. The conflict remained stalemated until July [[1993]], when Abkhazian (separatist) forces launched an attack on Georgian-held Sukhumi. The capital was surrounded and heavily shelled, with Shevardnadze himself trapped in the city. Although a truce was declared at the end of July, this collapsed after a renewed Abkhaz attack in mid-[[September]]. After ten days of heavy fighting, Sukhumi fell on [[27 September]]. Newly appointed Georgian President [[Eduard Shevardnadze]] narrowly escaped death, as he had vowed to stay in the city no matter what, but was eventually forced to flee when separatist snipers fired on the hotel in which he was residing. Shevardnadze had to rely on the Russian navy to evacuate him from Sukhumi. The separatist forces quickly overran the rest of Abkhazia as the Georgian government faced a second threat, an uprising by the supporters of the deposed Zviad Gamsakhurdia in the region of Mingrelia (Samegrelo). In the chaotic aftermath of defeat, almost the entire non-Abkhazian population fled the region by sea or over the mountains. Many thousands died - it is thought that as many as 10,000 may have perished - and some 250,000-300,000 people were forced into exile. --> ==L'Abkhazie entre indépendance et contrôle russe== ===L'effondrement de la population=== ===L'économie sous dépendance russe=== * Le tourisme: Ancien littoral consacré au tourisme balnéaire à l'époque soviétique, c'est toujours le [[tourisme]] qui est au cœur de l'effort de relance de l'économie par le gouvernement abkhaze. Les [[aménités]] ne manquent pas, la chaîne du [[Caucase]] plongeant de manière spectaculaire dans la [[mer Noire]]; par contre les obstacles ne manquent pas (Bâtiments détruits lors des affrontements avec la Géorgie en 1992; tensions et attentats récents). Les touristes reviennent depuis 2004, et ce sont des Russes à 97%. Le volume est passé de 220000 [[nuité]]s en 2004 à 900000 nuités en 2007, en partie grâce à l'amélioration rapide des conditions de vie en Russie.<ref>Fabrice Nodé-Langlois, ''En Abkhazie, une Côte d'Azur en état de guerre'', Le Figaro, 12/07/08, p 7; chiffres par Tenguiz Laguerbaï, Comité du tourisme, [[Soukhoumi]]</ref> == L'avenir de l'Abkhazie== <!-- Abkhazian leaders have made alternating demands in recent years. At times, they have insisted on full independence, and at other times, they have requested associate membership in the Russian Federation. However, the Russian government has been slow to respond to the latter proposal, fearing the negative effect of such an action on its relations with Georgia. On [[28 November]] [[2003]], Russian MP [[Vladimir Zhirinovsky]] tabled such a resolution in the [[State Duma]], but saw it rejected. Nonetheless, many citizens of Abkhazia now possess Russian citizenship, and Abkhazians, unlike Georgians entering Russia, do not require a visa. The [[Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe]], [[European Union]] and [[United Nations]] have continued to insist that Abkhazia must remain part of Georgia, and that at the very least, the many Georgian refugees that fled after the 1992-1993 war must be allowed to return before any acceptable vote on independence can be held. The Georgian government has continued to insist on Abkhazia's reunification with Georgia, but has differed in its suggestions of means to achieve this, particularly under the government of current President [[Mikhail Saakashvili]]. They have, at times, proposed two main peace deals. The first one would divide Georgia into seven autonomous entities, each with power over police and economic issues, and relinquishing power over defence and foreign affairs to the federal government. In a later proposal, it was suggested that Georgia and Abkhazia could form one federal Georgian republic, somewhat along the lines of [[Serbia and Montenegro]]. The Georgian government has, at times, suggested that they may attempt to resolve the conflict by military means. After the [[2004]] removal of [[Ajaria]]n leader [[Aslan Abashidze]] from office after large public protests, Saakashvili suggested that Abkhazia and fellow separatist entity [[South Ossetia]] could be reintegrated in the same manner. However, over the following months, he distanced himself from this idea. Saakashvili has also attempted to portray the Abkhaz dispute as being between Georgia and Russia, due to the latter's support of the separatists, with the separatist government being portrayed as little more than a Russian puppet. To this end, they have pushed for either the complete removal of, or major changes to the mandate of, the Russian peacekeepers, and the removal of Russian military bases from Abkhaz territory. During 2003, they succeeded in achieving the latter demand, with Russia removing its bases, leaving only its peacekeeping force. Both the Abkhazian government and opposition resolutely oppose reunification with Georgia under any circumstances. --> == Notes == <references /> == Voir aussi== * [[Conflit Géorgie-Abkhazie]] <!-- * [[List of foreign ministers of Abkhazia]] * [[List of Prime Ministers of Abkhazia]] * [[List of Princes of Abkhazia]] --> == Liens externes== {{wikiatlas|Abkhazia|Abkhazie}} {{commonscat|Abkhazia|l'Abkhazie}} * {{ab}} {{en}} {{ru}} [http://www.abkhaziagov.org/en/ Présidence de la République d'Abkhazie] *[http://www.abkhazia.org/ Abkhazia.org] *[http://www.caucaz.com/home_uk/pays.php?pays=5 Dossier spécial sur l'Abkhazie sur Caucaz.com] *[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/3261059.stm Fiche sur le site de la BBC] *[http://www.unpo.org/member.php?arg=03 Organisation des nations et peuples non-représentés] * {{en}} [http://www.usip.org/pubs/peaceworks/pwks19/chap3_19.html Publication de l'Institute of Peace des États-Unis : ''Sovereignty after Empire Self-Determination Movements in the Former Soviet Union'', Hopes and Disappointments: Case Studies: ''Abkhazia''] * {{en}} [http://www.nplg.gov.ge/ic/library_e/gabeskiria/20.htm La république autonome akhaze sur la bibliothèque nationale géorgienne] * {{en}} [http://www.economist.com/world/europe/displayStory.cfm?story_id=3110979 Former Soviet war zones | The hazards of a long, hard freeze] ([[The Economist]], [[19 août]] [[2004]]) * {{en}} [http://www.travel-images.com/abkhazia.html images d'Abkhazie] {{Régions de la Géorgie}} {{Régions historiques de la Géorgie}} {{Palette Caucase}} {{Portail Caucase}} [[Catégorie:Abkhazie|*]] [[Catégorie:État non reconnu ou largement non reconnu]] {{Lien AdQ|es}} {{Lien AdQ|sv}} [[ab:Аҧсны Аҳәынҭқарра]] [[af:Abkasië]] [[an:Abjasia]] [[ar:أبخازيا]] [[be:Абхазія]] [[be-x-old:Абхазія]] [[bg:Абхазия]] [[bn:আবখাজিয়া]] [[bs:Abhazija]] [[ca:Abkhàzia]] [[cs:Abcházie]] [[cv:Абхази]] [[da:Abkhasien]] [[de:Abchasien]] [[el:Αμπχαζία]] [[en:Abkhazia]] [[eo:Abĥazio]] [[es:Abjasia]] [[et:Abhaasia]] [[eu:Abkhazia]] [[fa:آبخاز]] [[fi:Abhasia]] [[frp:Abkhazie]] [[gl:Abkhazia]] [[gv:Abkhazia]] [[he:אבחזיה]] [[hi:अबखाजिया]] [[hr:Abhazija]] [[hu:Abházia]] [[hy:Աբխազիա]] [[id:Abkhazia]] [[it:Abkhazia]] [[ja:アブハジア]] [[jv:Abkhazia]] [[ka:აფხაზეთის ავტონომიური რესპუბლიკა]] [[kk:Абхазия]] [[ko:압하스 공화국]] [[la:Abasci]] [[lt:Abchazija]] [[lv:Abhāzija]] [[ms:Abkhazia]] [[nl:Abchazië]] [[nn:Abkhasia]] [[no:Abkhasia]] [[os:Абхази]] [[pl:Abchazja]] [[pt:Abecásia]] [[ro:Abhazia]] [[ru:Абхазия]] [[sco:Abkhazia]] [[sh:Abhazija]] [[simple:Abkhazia]] [[sk:Abcházsko]] [[sr:Абхазија]] [[sv:Abchazien]] [[ta:அப்காசியா]] [[te:అబ్‌ఖజియా]] [[tk:Abhaziýa]] [[tl:Abkhazia]] [[tr:Abhazya]] [[tt:Abxazía]] [[uk:Абхазія]] [[vi:Abkhazia]] [[vo:Labkasän]] [[yo:Abkhez]] [[zh:阿布哈茲]]