Arnica 365371 26247073 2008-02-14T20:06:00Z Gemini1980 87710 + ébauche {{ébauche|flore|montagne}} {{Taxobox végétal | ''Arnica'' | Arnica chamissonis0.jpg | ''[[Arnica chamissonis]]''}} {{Taxobox sous-règne | Tracheobionta }} {{Taxobox division | Magnoliophyta }} {{Taxobox classe | Magnoliopsida }} {{Taxobox sous-classe | Asteridae }} {{Taxobox ordre | Asterales }} {{Taxobox famille | Asteraceae }} {{Taxobox genre végétal (auteur) | Arnica | [[Carl von Linné|L.]], [[1753]] }} {{Taxobox phylogénie végétal | Asterales | Asteraceae}} {{Taxobox taxons végétal }} {{Taxobox commons | Category:Arnica }} {{Taxobox fin}} '''''Arnica''''' est un [[Genre (biologie)|genre]] d'environ 30 [[espèce]]s de [[plante pérenne|plantes pérennes]], [[plante herbacée|herbacées]], appartenant à la famille des ''[[Asteraceae]]''. <!-- This circumboreal and montane genus occurs mostly in the temperate regions of western [[North America]], while two are native to [[Eurasia]] (''A. angustifolia'' and ''A. montana''). ''Arnica'' used to be included in the tribe [[Senecioneae]], because it has a [[pappus]] of fine bristles. This was soon questioned and Nordenstam (1977) placed it tentatively in tribe [[Heliantheae]] s.l. This arrangement became also uncertain because of the [[sesquiterpene]] [[lactone]] chemistry in certain species. Lately Arnica was placed in an unresolved [[cladistics|clade]] together with [[Madiinae]], [[Eupatorieae]], [[Heliantheae]] s.s. and [[Pectidinae]]. Several species, such as ''[[Arnica montana]]'' and ''Arnica chamissonis'' contain [[helenalin]], a sesquiterpene lactone that is a major ingredient in [[anti-inflammatory]] preparations (mostly against bruises).--> ==Caractéristiques== <!-- They have a deep-rooted, erect [[stem]], that is usually unbranched. Their downy, opposite [[Leaf|leaves]] are borne towards the [[apex]] of the stem. The ovoid, leathery, basal leaves are arranged in a rosette. They show large yellow or orange [[Flower|flower]]s, 6-8 cm wide with 10-15 long ray florets and numerous disc florets. The [[phyllary|phyllaries]] (= a [[bract]] under the flowerhead) has long spreading hairs Each phyllary is associated with a ray floret. Species of ''Arnica'', with an [[involucre]] (= a circle of bracts arranged surrounding the flower head) arranged in two rows, have only their outer phyllaries associated with ray florets. The flowers have a slight [[aromatic]] smell. The seed-like [[fruit]] has a [[pappus]] of plumose, white or pale tan bristles.--> == Liste d'espèces== * ''[[Arnica acaulis]]'' (Walt.) B.S.P. * ''[[Arnica alpina]]'' (L.) Olin - (synonyme de ''Arnica angustifolia'' subsp. ''alpina'') * ''[[Arnica amplexicaulis]]'' Nutt. - (synonyme de ''Arnica lanceolata'' subsp. ''amplexicaulis'') * ''[[Arnica angustifolia]]'' Vahl ** ''Arnica angustifolia'' subsp. ''alpina'' (L.) I. K. Ferguson ** ''Arnica angustifolia'' subsp. ''tomentosa'' Downie & Denford * ''[[Arnica cernua]]'' T.J. Howell * ''[[Arnica chamissonis]]'' Less. ** [[Arnica chamissonis foliosa|''Arnica chamissonis'' subsp. ''foliosa'']] (Nutt.) Maguire * ''[[Arnica cordifolia]]'' Hook. * ''[[Arnica dealbata]]'' Baldwin - (Synonyme : ''Whitneya dealbata'') * ''[[Arnica discoidea]]'' Benth. * ''[[Arnica ×diversifolia]]'' Greene (pro sp.) * ''[[Arnica frigida]]'' C.A. Mey. ex Iljin - (synonyme de ''Arnica griscomii'' subsp. ''frigida'') * ''[[Arnica fulgens]]'' Pursh * ''[[Arnica ×gracilis]]'' Rydb. - (Hybride naturel entre ''Arnica latifolia'' et ''Arnica cordifolia'') * ''[[Arnica griscomii]]'' Fernald ** ''Arnica griscomii'' subsp. ''frigida'' (C. A. Mey. ex Iljin) S.J.Wolf ** ''Arnica griscomii'' subsp. ''griscomii'' Downie & Denford * ''[[Arnica lanceolata]]'' Nutt. ** ''Arnica lanceolata'' subsp. ''amplexicaulis'' (Nutt.) Gruezo & Denford ** ''Arnica lanceolata'' subsp. ''lanceolata'' Gruezo & Denford * ''[[Arnica latifolia]]'' Bong. * ''[[Arnica lessingii]]'' (Torr. & Gray) Greene ** ''Arnica lessingii'' subsp. ''lessengii'' ** ''Arnica lessingii'' subsp. ''norbergii'' Hult. & Maguire * ''[[Arnica lonchophylla]]'' Greene ** ''Arnica lonchophylla'' subsp. ''arnoglossa'' (Greene) Maguire ** ''Arnica lonchophylla'' subsp. ''lonchophylla'' * ''[[Arnica longifolia]]'' D.C. Eat. * ''[[Arnica louiseana]]'' Farr * ''[[Arnica mallotopus]]'' - (Synonyme : ''Mallotopus japonicus'') * ''[[Arnica mollis]]'' Hook. * ''Arnica montana'' L. -- [[Arnica des montagnes]] ** ''Arnica montana'' L. subsp. ''montana'' ** ''Arnica montana'' subsp. ''atlantica'' A.Bolòs * ''[[Arnica nevadensis]]'' Gray * ''[[Arnica ovata]]'' Greene * ''[[Arnica parryi]]'' Gray * ''[[Arnica rydbergii]]'' Greene * ''[[Arnica sachalinensis]]'' (Regel) A.Gray * ''[[Arnica sororia]]'' Greene * ''[[Arnica spathulata]]'' Greene * ''[[Arnica unalaschcensis]]'' Less. * ''[[Arnica venosa]]'' Hall * ''[[Arnica viscosa]]'' Gray == Étymologie == * « ''Arnica'' » serait une déformation de « ''Ptarmica'' », « qui fait éternuer ». * Le mot ''Arnica'' signifierait ''peau d'agneau'' par allusion aux feuilles douces et laineuses.{{référence nécessaire}} == Référence == * {{eFloras|1|102636 | Arnica }} * {{eFloras|60|102636 | Arnica }} * {{ITIS|36554|''Arnica'' L. }} * {{NCBI|4246|''Arnica'' }} * [http://arnica.csustan.edu/herbarium/taxa.htm Espèces du genre ''Arnica''] et [http://www.csdl.tamu.edu/FLORA/cgi/gallery_query?q=arnica quelques photographies.] <!-- * Maguire, B. 1943 A monograph of the genus Arnica (Senecioneae, Compositae). Brittonia 4: 386–510 *Wolf, S.J. & K.E. Denford. 1984. Taxonomy of Arnica (Compositae) subgenus Austromontana. Rhodora Journal of the New England Botanical Club 86(847): 239 - 309. * Nordenstam, B. 1977 Senecioneae and Liabeae—systematic review. In V. H. Heywood, J. B. Harborne, and B. L. Turner [eds.], The biology and chemistry of the Compositae, vol. II, 799–830. Academic Press, London, UK * Baldwin, B. G. 1999 New combinations in Californian Arnica and Monolopia. Novon 9: 460–461 * Lyss, G., T. J. Schmidt, H. L. Pahl, and I. Merfort. 1999 Anti-inflammatory activity of Arnica tincture (DAB 1998) using the transcription factor NF-kappaB as molecular target. Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Letters 9: 5–8 * Wolf, S. J., and K. E. Denford. 1984 Taxonomy of Arnica (Compositae) subgenus Austromontana. Rhodora 86: 239–309 --> ==Galerie de photos== <gallery> Image:Illustration Arnica montana0.jpg|[[Arnica des montagnes]] (''Arnica montana'') Image:Arnica montana.jpg|Arnica des montagnes (''Arnica montana'') Image:Arnica longifolia0.jpg| ''[[Arnica longifolia]]'' </gallery> {{Portail montagne}} [[Catégorie:Flore (nom scientifique)]] [[Catégorie:Flore (nom vernaculaire)]] [[Catégorie:Asteraceae]] [[cs:Prha]] [[da:Guldblomme]] [[de:Arnika (Gattung)]] [[en:Arnica]] [[es:Árnica]] [[it:Arnica]] [[lt:Arnika]] [[pl:Arnika]] [[pt:Arnica]] [[ro:Arnica]] [[ru:Арника]] [[sq:Arnica]] [[uk:Арніка]]