Aronia 972586 31398674 2008-07-08T09:08:14Z Oli.C 330466 {{taxobox végétal | ''Aronia'' | Aronia prunifolia0.jpg | }} {{taxobox sous-règne | Tracheobionta }} {{taxobox division | Magnoliophyta }} {{taxobox classe | Magnoliopsida }} {{taxobox sous-classe | Rosidae }} {{taxobox ordre | Rosales }} {{taxobox famille | Rosaceae }} {{taxobox taxon végétal (auteur) | [[genre (biologie)|genre]] | Aronia | Medik ([[1789]]) }} {{taxobox phylogénie végétal4 | Angiospermes arbre8.png }} {{taxobox clade | Angiospermes }} {{taxobox clade | Dicotylédones vraies }} {{taxobox clade | Rosidées }} {{taxobox clade | Malvidées }} {{taxobox ordre | Rosales }} {{taxobox famille | Rosaceae }} {{taxobox genre | Aronia }} {{taxobox taxons végétal }} {{taxobox fin}} '''Aronia''' (''Aronia'') est un [[genre (biologie)|genre]] d'arbustes [[caduque]]s de la [[famille (biologie)|famille]] des ''[[Rosaceae]]'', originaire d'[[Amérique du Nord]]. Les [[feuilles]] sont alternes, simples, et à bord denté&nbsp;; en automne, elles deviennent rouge vif. Les [[fleur]]s à 5 pétales sont petites et s'étalent en [[corymbe]]s de 10 à 25. Le [[fruit]] est une petite [[Baie (botanique)|baie]], au goût amer et [[astringent]]&nbsp;; il est mangé par les [[oiseau]]x qui en dispersent les [[graine]]s. On peut les cuire et les sucrer pour en faire des jus ou des confitures, elles ont alors un goût proche du [[Cassis (fruit)|cassis]]. Ces baies peuvent aussi servir à accompagner de plats salés, comme les [[canneberge]]s, les [[airelle]]s ou les [[groseilles à maquereaux]]. [[Image:Choke-Berries-IMG 2431 051013 121714.jpg|thumb|left|Aronia rouge (''Aronia arbutifolia'')]] L''''[[aronia rouge]]''' (''[[Aronia arbutifolia]]'' (L.) Pers.) mesure de 2 à 4 m de haut, parfois 6 m, avec des feuilles de 5 à 8 cm de long. Les fleurs de 1 cm de diamètre sont blanches ou rose pale et le fruit rouge mesure entre 4 et 7 mm de diamètre. [[Image:Aronia-melanocarpa-Aron.JPG|thumb|left|Black Chokeberry (''Aronia melanocarpa'')]] L''''[[aronia noir]]''' (''[[Aronia melanocarpa]]'' (Michx.) Elliott) est plus petit (de 1 à 3 m), et se propage facilement. Ses feuilles ne dépassent pas 6 cm de long. Ses fleurs blanches mesurent environ 1.5 cm de diamètre, et son fruit noir, 6 à 9 mm. Les deux espèces peuvent s'[[hybride|hybrider]] et donnent l''''[[aronia pourpre]]''' (''[[Aronia ×prunifolia]]''). ==Culture== L'aronia est un arbre très rustique pouvant supporter des températures allant jusqu'à -35°C. Il apprécie les sols un peu acides et non excessivement détrempés. ==Intérêt nutritionnel== Ses baies possèdent une forte teneur en [[vitamine C]], et sont utilisées également en tant que [[colorant alimentaire]]. <!-- ==Uses== The chokeberries are attractive [[ornamental plant]]s for gardens. They are naturally understory and woodland edge plants, and grow well when planted under [[tree]]s. Chokeberries are resistant to drought, insects, pollution, and disease. Several [[cultivar]]s have been developed for garden planting, including ''A. arbutifolia'' 'Brilliant', selected for its striking fall leaf colour, and ''A. melanocarpa'' 'Viking' and 'Nero', selected for larger fruit suitable for [[jam]]-making. [[Juice]] from these berries is [[astringent]] and not sweet, but high in [[Vitamin C]] and [[antioxidants]], and the berries can be used to make juice, [[wine]], and jam after cooking. It is also used as a [[soft drink]] flavoring. ===Food use=== ''Aronia melanocarpa'' (chokeberry) has attracted scientific interest due to its deep purple, almost black [[pigmentation]] that arises from dense contents of [[phenolic]] phytochemicals, especially [[anthocyanins]]. Total anthocyanin content in chokeberries is 1480 mg per 100 g of fresh berries, and [[proanthocyanidin]] concentration is 664 mg per 100 g (Wu et al. 2004, 2006). Both values are among the highest measured in plants to date. The plant produces these pigments mainly in skin of the berries to protect the pulp and seeds from constant exposure to [[ultraviolet radiation]]. By absorbing uv rays in the [[blue]]-purple spectrum, pigments filter intense sunlight and thereby have a role assuring regeneration of the species. Brightly colorful pigmentation also attracts birds and animals to consume the fruit and disperse the seeds in their droppings. Anthocyanins not only contribute toward chokeberry's astringent property (that would deter pests and infections) but also give ''Aronia melanocarpa'' extraordinary antioxidant strength that combats [[oxidative stress]] in the fruit during [[photosynthesis]]. A test tube measurement of antioxidant strength, the [[Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity]] or ORAC, has demonstrated chokeberry with one of the highest values yet recorded, of 16,100 micromoles of Trolox Eq. per 100 g (Wu et al. 2004). See the ORAC page for reference to other antioxidant plant foods. There is growing appreciation for consumers to increase their intake of antioxidant-rich plant foods from colorful sources like [[berries]], tree or citrus fruits, vegetables, grains, and spices. Accordingly, a deep blue food source such as chokeberry yields anthocyanins in high concentrations per serving, indicating potential value as a [[functional food]] or [[nutraceutical]]. Analysis of anthocyanins in chokeberries has identified the following individual chemicals (among hundreds known to exist in the plant kingdom); [[cyanidin]]-3-galactoside, [[epicatechin]], [[caffeic acid]], [[quercetin]], delphinidin, petunidin, pelargonidin, peonidin and malvidin. All these are members of the [[flavonoid]] category of antioxidant phenolics. For reference to phenolics, flavonoids, anthocyanins and similar plant-derived antioxidants, Wikipedia has a [[list of phytochemicals and foods in which they are prominent]]. ===Efficacy in Disease Models=== Chokeberry's rich antioxidant content may be beneficial as a dietary preventative for reducing the risk of diseases caused by oxidative stress. Among the models under evaluation where preliminary results show benefits of chokeberry anthocyanins are [[colorectal cancer]] (Lala et al. 2006), [[cardiovascular disease]] (Bell & Gochenaur 2006), chronic [[inflammation]] (Han et al. 2005), gastric mucosal disorders ([[peptic ulcer]]) (Valcheva-Kuzmanova et al. 2005), eye inflammation ([[uveitis]]) (Ohgami et al. 2005) and [[liver failure]] (Valcheva-Kuzmanova et al. 2004). ==References== * Bell, D. R., & Gochenaur, K. (2006). Direct vasoactive and vasoprotective properties of anthocyanin-rich extracts. ''J Appl Physiol.'' 100 (4): 1164-70. * Han, G.-L., Li, C.-M., Mazza, G., & Yang, X.-G. (2005). Effect of anthocyanin rich fruit extract on PGE2 produced by endothelial cells. ''Wei Sheng Yan Jiu.'' 34 (5): 581-4. * Lala, G., Malik, M., Zhao, C., He, J., Kwon, Y., Giusti, M. M., & Magnuson, B. A. (2006). Anthocyanin-rich extracts inhibit multiple biomarkers of colon cancer in rats. ''Nutr. Cancer'' 54 (1): 84-93. * Ohgami, K., Ilieva, I., Shiratori, K., Koyama, Y., Jin, X.-H., Yoshida, K., Kase, S., Kitaichi, N., Suzuki, Y., Tanaka, T., & Ohno, S. (2005). Anti-inflammatory effects of aronia extract on rat endotoxin-induced uveitis. ''Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci.'' 46 (1): 275-81. * Valcheva-Kuzmanova, S., Marazova, K., Krasnaliev, I., Galunska, B., Borisova, P., & Belcheva, A. (2005). Effect of Aronia melanocarpa fruit juice on indomethacin-induced gastric mucosal damage and oxidative stress in rats. ''Exp Toxicol Pathol.'' 56 (6): 385-92. * Valcheva-Kuzmanova, S., Borisova, P., Galunska, B., Krasnaliev, I., & Belcheva, A. (2004). Hepatoprotective effect of the natural fruit juice from Aronia melanocarpa on carbon tetrachloride-induced acute liver damage in rats. ''Exp Toxicol Pathol.'' 56 (3): 195-201. * Wu, X., Gu, L., Prior, R. L., & McKay, S. (2004). Characterization of anthocyanins and proanthocyanidins in some cultivars of Ribes, Aronia and Sambucus and their antioxidant capacity. ''J Agric Food Chem.'' 52 (26): 7846-7856. * Wu, X., Beecher, G. R., Holden, J. M., Haytowitz, D. B., Gebhardt, S. E., & Prior, R. L. (2006). Concentrations of anthocyanins in common foods in the United States and estimation of normal consumption. ''J Agric Food Chem.'' 54 (1): 4069-4075. __notoc__ --> [[Catégorie:Maloideae]] [[Catégorie:Arbre fruitier]] [[Catégorie:Colorant alimentaire]] [[da:Surbær]] [[de:Apfelbeeren]] [[en:Chokeberry]] [[es:Aronia]] [[fi:Aroniat]] [[hsb:Slowčinowa aronija]] [[lt:Aronija]] [[lv:Aronijas]] [[nl:Aronia]] [[pl:Aronia]] [[sv:Aronior]]