Dactylopius coccus 399130 29713764 2008-05-18T22:44:00Z 86.208.225.198 {{Traduction}} {{Voir homonymes|Cochenille}} {{Taxobox animal | Cochenille | Cochineal_drawing.jpg | [[Cochenille (insecte)|Cochenille]] (''Dactylopius coccus'') <br />femelle (à gauche) et mâle (à droite) }} {{Taxobox phylum | Arthropoda }} {{Taxobox sous-embranchement | Hexapoda }} {{Taxobox classe | Insecta }} {{Taxobox sous-classe | Pterygota }} {{Taxobox infra-classe | Neoptera }} {{Taxobox super-ordre | Endopterygota }} {{Taxobox ordre | Hemiptera }} {{Taxobox sous-ordre | Homoptera }} {{Taxobox super-famille | Coccoidea }} {{Taxobox famille | Dactylopiidae }} {{Taxobox genre | Dactylopius }} {{Taxobox binomial animal | Dactylopius coccus | [[Oronzio Gabriele Costa|Costa]], [[1835]] }} {{Taxobox légende | Synonymes : * <small>''Coccus cacti'' [[Carl von Linné|Linnaeus]], [[1758]]</small> * <small>''Pseudococcus cacti'' [[Hermann Burmeister|Burmeister]], [[1839]]</small> }} {{Taxobox wikispecies | Dactylopius coccus }} {{Taxobox commons | Category:Dactylopius coccus }} {{Taxobox fin}} La '''cochenille''' (''Dactylopius coccus'') est un [[insecte]] [[hémiptère]] (groupe des ''[[Coccoidea]]''). La cochenille provient de l'[[Amérique du Sud]] tropicale et sous-tropicale et du [[Mexique]]. C'est un [[parasite (biologie)|parasite]] [[sessile]], qui vit primairement sur des [[cactus]] du genre ''[[Opuntia]]'', se renourrissant de l'humidité et des nutriments du cactus. L'insecte produit de l'[[acide carminique]] qui le protège des insectes prédateurs. L'acide carminique peut être extrait du corps et des œufs de cet insecte pour en faire une coûteuse [[teinture]] colorée rouge, le [[carmin]]<!--[[crimson]]-->. Le [[carmin de cochenille]] doit son nom à l'insecte et est en premier lieu utilisé comme [[colorant alimentaire]] (E 120<ref>Cardon (2003) : 493.</ref>) ou pour des [[cosmétique]]s. Après l'invention de pigments et de teintures synthétiques, tels l'[[alizarine]] (fin du {{XIXe siècle}}), la production de teintures naturelles a progressivement diminué. Cependant, des affaires récentes de santé concernant les [[additif alimentaire|additifs alimentaires]] artificiels ont renouvelé la popularité des teintures de cochenille, et la demande accrue a rendu l'élevage de l'insecte à nouveau rentable. ==Biologie== <!-- Cochineals are soft-bodied, flat, oval-shaped scale insects that cluster on cacti plants. The cacti pads are colonized by wingless female insects which are about 5 mm long. The females are primarily sessile and do not move while feeding. They have a beak that penetrates the plant and allows feeding on the plant juices. After mating, the fertilised female increases in size and gives a birth to tiny [[nymph]]s. The nymphs secrete a [[wax]]y [[white]] substance over their bodies for protection from water and excessive sun. This substance makes the cochineal insect appear white or grey from the outside, though the body of the insect and its nymphs produces the red pigment, which makes the insides of the insect look dark purple. The pigment is based on [[carminic acid]] and its purpose is to protect the insect from predators. Adult males are tiny compared to females. Males have wings and only live long enough to fertilise the [[Ovum|egg]]s,{{mn|eco|2}} and are therefore are seldom observed {{mn|urb|13}}. It is in the nymph stage (also called the ''crawler'' stage) that the cochineal disperses. The juveniles move to a feeding spot and produce long wax filaments. Later they move to the edge of the cactus pad where the wind catches the wax filaments and carries the cochineal to a new host. These individuals establish feeding sites on the new host and produce a new generation of cochineal {{mn|urb|13}}. --> ===Hôtes=== <gallery> Image:Cochineal_infected_pads.jpg|Raquettes de cactus-hôtes de l'espèce ''Opuntia indicamil'', infectés par des cochenilles. Image:Cochenille.jpg|Cochenille mâle. </gallery> <!-- Cochineals are native to tropical and subtropical South America and Mexico where their host cacti grow natively. They have also been introduced to [[Spain]], the [[Canary Island]]s, [[Algiers]] and [[Australia]] along with their host cacti. There are 150 varieties of ''Opuntia'' cacti, and while it is possible to cultivate cochineal on almost all of them, the best to use is ''Opuntia indicamil'' {{mn|oxa|8}}. All of the host plants of the cochineal colonies were identified as species of ''[[Opuntia]]'' including ''Opuntia amyclaea'', ''O. indicamil'', ''O. atropes'', ''O. cantabrigiensis'', ''O. brasilienis'', ''O. ficus-indica'', ''O. fuliginosa'', ''O. jaliscana'', ''O. leucotricha'', ''O. lindheimeri'', ''O. microdasys'', ''O. megacantha'', ''O. pilifera'', ''O. robusta'', ''O. sarca'', ''O. schikendantzii'', ''O. stricta'', ''O. streptacantha'', and ''O. tomentosa'' {{mn|mex|1}}. The feeding of the female cochineal often causes damage and sometimes kills the host cactus plant. Immature males while being nymphs feed on a cactus for a short time, and when adult, cannot feed at all. Cochineal-laden ''Opuntia stricta'' cacti were introduced into [[Australia]] to be used as fencing, but the introduction of the cactus had disastrous consequences. By [[1925]], 250,000 km² of valuable range land was covered by prickly pear cactus. To control the spread of prickly pear cactus in Australia, the [[cactus moth]] (''Cactoblastis cactorum'') was introduced, and by [[1930]], vast areas of cactus scrub had been denuded by cactus moth larvae. In other parts of the world, side effects have caused a havoc: the moth has attacked other species of cacti, some of which are rare and endangered {{mn|eco|2}}. --> ==Élevage== [[Image:Cochinel_Zapotec_nests.jpg|right|thumb|180px|"Nids zapotèques" sur un cactus-hôte ''Opuntia indicamil'']] Il y a deux méthodes d'élevage, la traditionnelle et la contrôlée. * La ''méthode traditionnelle'' implique la plantation de raquettes déjà contaminées ou bien l'[[infection]] de cactus déjà existants par la cochenille suivi de la [[récolte]] manuelle ultérieure. * La ''méthode contrôlée'' consiste en le placement de petits [[panier]]s appelés [[nid]]s [[zapotèques]] (en [[anglais]] : ''Zapotec nests'') sur des cactus. La méthode aurait été utilisée traditionnellement pour l'élevage des cochenilles. <!--The baskets contain clean, fertile females which leave the nests and settle wherever they like to await [[insemination]] by the males. In both cases the cochineal has to be protected from [[predator]]s, cold and rain. The complete cycle lasts 3 months during which the cacti are kept at a constant temperature of 27 °C. Once the cochineal has finished the cycle, the new cochineal is ready to infest other cacti or to be dried for raw materials {{mn|oxa|8}}.--> ===Ennemis naturels=== Plusieurs ennemis naturels peuvent réduire les populations de cochenille sur les cactus hôtes. De tous ces prédateurs, les insectes paraissent être les principaux. <!--Several natural enemies can reduce the population of the insect on its cacti hosts. Of all the predators, insects seem to be the most important group. Insects and their larvae such as the [[weaver worm]], [[pyralid moth]] (order [[Lepidoptera]]), [[lady bug]] ([[Coleoptera]]), [[fly]], [[drum worm]] ([[Diptera]]), [[needle worm]] ([[Neuroptera]]) and ants ([[Hymenoptera]]) have been identified. Many birds, domestic rodents, especially rats, and reptiles also are predators of cochineal population. In regions, dependent on cochineal production, [[pest control]] measures have to be taken seriously. For small scale cultivation manual methods of control have proved to be the most effective and safe. For large scale cultivation advanced pest control methods have to be developed, including alternative bioinsecticides or traps with [[pheromone]]s {{mn|mex|1}}. --> ==Teinture== <!-- To produce dye from Cochineals, the insects are collected when they are approximately ninety days old. Since the insects are knocked, brushed or picked from the cacti and placed into bags, it is a highly labor-intensive activity. The insects are gathered by small groups of collectors who sell them to local processors or exporters {{mn|foo|3}}. A deep crimson dye is extracted from the Cochineal insect females. Cochineal is used to produce [[scarlet]], [[orange (colour)|orange]] and other tints of red colour dyes, too. The colouring comes from [[carminic acid|carminic (kermesic) acid]]. Cochineal extract's natural carminic acid content is usually 19-22% {{mn|can|4}}. The insects are killed, by either immersion in hot water (after which they are dried) or by exposure to sunlight, steam, or the heat of an oven. Each method produces a different colour which results in the varied appearance of commercial cochineal. The immersion technique produces [[grey]] grains known as grey cochineal {{mn|foo|3}}. Heating technique produces almost [[black]] grains known as black cochineal. The dried insects and extracts must conform to the buyer’s specification for very low maximum levels of bacteria. The insects must be dried to about 30 per cent of their original body weight before they can be stored without decaying{{mn|foo|3}}. It takes around 155,000 insects to make one [[kilogram]] of cochineal. There are two main forms of cochineal dye, ''cochineal extract'' is a colouring made from the raw dried and pulverized bodies of insects and ''carmine'' is a more purified colouring made from cochineal. To prepare carmine, the powdered insect bodies are boiled in [[ammonia]] or [[sodium carbonate]] solution, the insoluble matter is removed by filtering, and [[alum]] is added to the clear salt solution of carminic acid to precipitate the red [[aluminium]] salt. Purity of colour is ensured by the absence of [[iron]]. [[Stannous chloride]], [[citric acid]], [[borax]], or [[gelatin]] may be added to regulate the formation of the precipitate. For the shades of [[purple]], [[Calcium carbonate|lime]] is added to the alum {{mn|tym|5}}. Cochineal is produced commercially only in [[Peru]], which produces about 200 tonnes per year {{mn|foo|3}}, and the [[Canary Islands]], which produces only about 20 tonnes per year{{mn|can|4}}. [[France]] is believed to be the world’s largest importer of cochineal, but [[Japan]] and [[Italy]] are also important direct importers. A high proportion of these imports are reexported in processed form, mainly to other developed economies{{mn|foo|3}}. Recently two new producers have entered the market, [[Chile]] and Mexico {{mn|mex|1}}. As of time of writing in 2005, market price of cochineal is between 50 and 80 [[United States dollar|USD]] per kilogram{{mn|oxa|8}}, while synthetic raw food colour dyes are available at prices as low as 10-20 USD per kilogram {{mn|syn|9}}. --> ===Historique=== <!-- Cochineal was used by the [[Aztecs]] and [[Mayans]]. 11 cities conquered by [[Montezuma]] in [[15th century]] paid a yearly tribute of 2000 decorated cotton blankets and 40 bags of Cochineal dye each {{mn|tym|5}}. During the colonial period Mexico was the first country to produce Cochineal for export, Spanish [[conquistador]]s introduced the dye from Mexico to Europe during the [[17th century]]. {{mn|mex|1}} As a product for export, it left the country via [[Veracruz]] and entered Europe through Spain, where it was redistributed to different countries, reaching [[Russia]] and even [[Persian Empire|Persia]] {{mn|coc|10}}. The Mexican city of [[Oaxaca, Oaxaca]], and its hinterland owed much of its prosperity in the [[17th century|17th]] and [[18th century|18th centuries]] to the cochineal trade. It has since been imported to and cultivated in other locations, such as [[Peru]] and the [[Canary Islands]], where it became a lucrative export {{mn|can|4}}. In the 18th century the dye industry was so economically important, that it was third highest source of income for Spanish colonies after gold and silver exports. Recipes for artists' use of carmine appear in many early painting and [[alchemy|alchemical]] handbooks throughout the [[Middle Ages]]. Carmine lakes appear frequently in European [[oil painting]]s from [[Michelangelo Buonarroti|Michelangelo]], [[François Boucher]] to [[Raoul Dufy]] {{mn|nop|6}}. The [[British Army]] redcoats and the [[Royal Canadian Mounted Police]] [[Coat_(clothing)|coats]] were dyed with cochineal red {{mn|urb|13}}. After the [[Mexican War of Independence]] in [[1810]]-[[1821]], the Spanish monopoly on cochineal came to an end. The demand for cochineal fell with the appearance on the market of artificial colourants, like [[crimson|alizarin crimson]] and many other substitute dyes discovered in Europe at the end of the [[19th century]]. The delicate manual labor required for the breeding of the insect could not compete with the modern methods of the new industry and even less so with the lowering of production costs. The “tuna blood” dye stopped being used and trade in cochineal almost totally diminished in a course of the [[20th century]]. The breeding of the cochineal insect has been done mainly for the purposes of maintaining the tradition rather than to satisfy any sort of demand {{mn|coc|10}}. In recent years it has become commercially valuable again {{mn|can|4}}, because, unlike many commercial synthetic red dyes, it is non-toxic and not cancerogenic (however, some people are allergic to carmine). --> ===Utilisation=== Le colorant (E 120) issu des cochenilles est utilisé par exemple dans la fabrication des [[saucisse de Francfort|saucisses de Francfort]] pour leur donner une couleur rosée ainsi que dans d'autres charcuteries, certains [[yaourt]]s ou [[soda]]s comme l'[[Orangina]] rouge, ainsi que dans les boudoirs « roses ». <!-- [[Image:Cochineal-dyed-wool.jpg|right|thumb|180px|Wool dyed with cochineal]] Traditionally cochineal was used for colouring [[fabrics]]. During the colonial period, with the introduction of the sheep to South America, the use of cochineal increased, as it provided the most intense colour and it set more firmly on [[wool]]en garments than on clothes made of materials of pre Hispanic origin, such as [[cotton]], [[agave]] plant [[fiber]]s or [[yucca]] fibers. Once the European market had discovered the qualities of this product, their demand for it increased dramatically. Red carmine became strong competition for the European colorants, such as [[madder]] root, [[kermes]], [[brazilwood]], [[Tyrian purple]] {{mn|dye|11}}, as they were used for dyeing the clothes of [[Monarch|kings]], [[Nobility|nobles]] and the [[clergy]]. It was also used for painting [[handicraft]]s and [[tapestry|tapestries]] {{mn|coc|10}}. Cochineal dye coloured wool and cotton is still important material for Mexican folk art and crafts. Now it is used as a fabric and [[cosmetics]] dye and as a natural [[food coloring|food colouring]], as well as for [[oil paint]]s, pigments and watercolours. When used as a food additive, the dye must be labelled on packaging labels {{mn|who|7}}. Sometimes Carmine is labelled as [[E_number|''E120'']]. An unknown percentage of people have been found to have allergies to carmine, ranging from mild cases of hives, to [[anaphylactic shock]]. Carmine has been found to cause asthma in some people {{mn|who|7}}. Cochineal is one of the colours that the Hyperactive Children's Support Group recommends be eliminated from the diet of hyperactive children. Natural carmine dye used in food and cosmetics can render it unacceptable to strict [[vegetarian]] consumers, and both [[Muslim]]s and [[Jew]]s consider carmine containing food forbidden ([[haraam]] and un-[[kosher]]), because insects are used in dye production. Cochineal is one of the few water-soluble colourants that resist degradation with time. It is one of the most light and heat stable, resistant to oxidation of all the natural colourants and is even more stable than many synthetic food colors {{mn|e120|12}}. The water soluble form is used in [[alcoholic drinks]] with calcium carmine, the insoluble form, being used in a wider variety of products. Together with ammonium carmine they can be found in [[meat]], [[sausage]]s, processed [[poultry]] products (meat products cannot be coloured in the United States), [[surimi]], [[marination|marinades]], alcoholic drinks, bakery products and toppings, [[biscuit]]s, [[dessert]]s, icings, pie fillings, [[jam]]s, preserves, [[gelatin]] desserts, [[juice]] beverages, variety of [[cheddar cheese]] and [[dairy]] products, [[sauce]]s and sweets. It gives [[Campari]] and other Italian [[Apéritif|apéritifs]] their colour, too{{mn|who|7}}. The average a human consumes one to two drops of carminic acid each year with food {{mn|e120|12}}. Carmine is one of the very few [[pigments]] considered safe enough for use in eye cosmetics {{mn|nop|6}}. A significant proportion of insoluble carmine pigment produced annually is used in the cosmetics industry for hair and skin care products, [[lipstick]]s, face powders, [[Cosmetics|rouges]], and blushes {{mn|e120|12}}. A bright red dye and the biological [[Staining (biology)|stain]] carmine used in microbiology is often made from the carmine extract, too {{mn|eco|2}}. The pharmaceutical industry uses cochineal to colour [[tablet|pills]] and [[ointment]]s {{mn|foo|3}}. --> == Annexes == ===Références=== <!-- {{mnb|mex|1}}{{Web reference_author | Author=Liberato Portillo M. & Ana Lilia Vigueras G. | Title=Natural Enemies of Cochineal (Dactylopius coccus Costa): Importance in Mexico | Work= | URL= http://www.jpacd.org/Jpacd98/portil.pdf| Date=July 14 | Year=2005}}<br /> {{mnb|eco|2}}{{Web reference_author | Author=W. P. Armstrong | Title=Cochineal, Saffron & Woad Photos | Work=Economic Plant Photographs | URL=http://waynesword.palomar.edu/ecoph3.htm | Date=July 14 | Year=2005}}<br /> {{mnb|foo|3}}{{Web reference_author | Author=FOODNET | Title= Tropical commodities and their markets | Work= | URL=http://www.foodnet.cgiar.org/market/Tropcomm/part2c2.htm | Date=July 14 | Year=2005}}<br /> {{mnb|can|4}}{{Web reference | title=Canary Islands cochineal producers homepage | work= | URL=http://www.arrakis.es/~rpdeblas/cochinea.htm | date=July 14 | year=2005}}<br /> {{mnb|tym|5}}{{Web reference_author | Author=Threads In Tyme, LTD | Title=Time line of fabrics | Work= | URL=http://threadsintyme.tripod.com/id63.htm | Date=July 14 | Year=2005}}<br /> {{mnb|nop|6}}{{Web reference_author | Author=Bruce MacEvoy | Title=Natural Organic Pigments | Work= | URL=http://www.handprint.com/HP/WCL/pigmt1c.html | Date=July 14 | Year=2005}}<br /> {{mnb|who|7}}{{Web reference_author | Author=Dr J. B. Greig | Title=WHO Food Additives Series 46:Cochineal extract, Carmine, and Carminic Acid | Work=|URL=http://www.inchem.org/documents/jecfa/jecmono/v46je03.htm | Date=July 14 | Year=2005}}<br /> {{mnb|oxa|8}}{{Web reference | title=Cultivation of Cochineal in Oaxaca | work=Go-Oaxaca Newsletter | URL=http://www.go-oaxaca.com/newsletter/cochineal.html | date=July 15 | year=2005}}<br /> {{mnb|syn|9}}{{Web reference | title=Price Quote | work= | URL=http://www.vorras.net/chemicals/?read=2707 | date=July 15 | year=2005}}<br /> {{mnb|coc|10}}{{Web reference_author | Author = Octavio Hernández | Title= Cochineal | Work= Mexico Desconocido Online | URL=http://www.mexicodesconocido.com.mx/english/cultura_y_sociedad/actividades_economicas/detalle.cfm?idsec=17&idsub=81&idpag=1520 | Date=July 15 | Year=2005}}<br /> {{mnb|dye|11}}{{Web reference_author | Author = L. Meyer | Title=Dyeing Red | Work=West Kingdom (SCA) Arts and Sciences Tourney, July 2004 | URL=http://www.halimal.com/WWW/dyes/dyeing_red.php | Date=July 19 | Year=2005}}<br /> {{mnb|e120|12}}{{Web reference_author | Author = Wild Flavors, Inc. | Title= E120 Cochineal | Work= The wild world of solutions | URL=http://www.wildflavors.com/index.cfm?fuseaction=home.viewPage&page_id=E0EB7A7B-5004-D739-A5FAE84FEA76CA1C | Date=July 19 | Year=2005}}<br /> {{mnb|urb|13}}{{Web reference_author | Author = Carl Olson | Title= Cochineal | Work= Urban Integrated Pest Management | URL= http://ag.arizona.edu/urbanipm/insects/cochineal.html | Date=July 19 | Year=2005}}<br /> --> ===Liens externes=== <!-- *{{Web reference_author | Author=Harvey Wickes Felter, M.D., and John Uri Lloyd, Phr. M., Ph. D., 1898 | Title=Coccus (U.S.P.) - Cochineal | Work=King's American Dispensatory | URL=http://www.ibiblio.org/herbmed/eclectic/kings/coccus.html | Date=July 14 | Year=2005}} *{{Web reference_author | Author=Direction of the Council of the Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain, 1911 | Title=Coccus, B.P. | Work=The British Pharmaceutical Codex | URL=http://www.ibiblio.org/herbmed/eclectic/bpc1911/coccus.html | Date=July 14 | Year=2005}} *{{Web reference_author | Author=Lucius E. Sayre, B.S. Ph. M., 1917 | Title=Coccus. - Cochineal | Work=A Manual of Organic Materia Medica and Pharmacognosy | URL=http://www.ibiblio.org/herbmed/eclectic/sayre/coccus.html | Date=July 14 | Year=2005}} --> ===Voir aussi=== * le [[carmin de cochenille]] est un [[Colorant industriel|colorant]] naturel produit par l'insecte du même nom. Voir [[carmin]]. === Références externes === {{commons|Cochineal}} * {{Faunaeur|98281|''Dactylopius coccus'' }} === Notes === <references /> === Source === * Dominique Cardon (2003). ''Le Monde des teintures naturelles'', Belin (Paris) : 586 p. [[catégorie:Hémiptère (nom vernaculaire)]] [[Catégorie:Hémiptère]] [[Catégorie:Teinture]] [[Catégorie:Colorant alimentaire]] {{lien AdQ|en}} [[de:Koschenille]] [[es:Cochinilla]] [[en:Cochineal]] [[it:Dactylopius coccus]] [[pt:Cochonilha]] [[vi:Bọ yên chi]]