Hundred 3014300 30703750 2008-06-16T17:12:08Z GillesC 38320 Correction d'homonymie vers [[Chine]] Un '''hundred''' est une subdivision géographique en usage en [[Angleterre]], au [[Danemark]] et en [[Australie-Méridionale]], ainsi qu'en diverses parties des [[États-Unis]], de l'[[Allemagne]] ([[Schleswig-Holstein]]), de la [[Suède]] et de la [[Norvège]], mais aussi de la [[Finlande]] actuelle. ==Autres termes équivalents== Sont utilisés : *''wapentake'', *''cantref'', en [[gallois]] (de ''cant'', « cent », et ''trev'', « village »), *''herred'', en [[danois]] et [[norvégien]], *''härad'' en [[suédois]], *''kihlakunta'' en [[finnois]]. ==Origine== Le nom provient du nombre ''one hundred'' (en français, « cent »), et l'on peut penser qu'il a un rapport soit avec un territoire où l'on pouvait lever 100 hommes d'armes, soit un territoire qui pouvait nourrir 100 familles. Il s'agit d'un système traditionnel propre aux Germains et décrit par [[Tacite]] , les ''centeni''. Des systèmes comparables ont été utilisés autrefois en [[Civilisation chinoise|Chine]] ou au [[Japon]]. ==Angleterre== [[Image:Kernow Hundreds.png|right|thumb|200px|Les hundreds de [[Cornouailles]] au début du {{XIXe siècle}}.]] En [[Angleterre]] un hundred correspond à une unité territoriale, division d'un [[comté]], qui répond à des besoins d'ordre administratif, militaire, et judiciaire d'après la [[common law]]<ref>[http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/types/status_page.jsp?unit_status=Hundred Vision of Britain | Administrative Units Typology | Status definition: Hundred<!-- Titre généré automatiquement -->]</ref>. À l'origine, quand le terme fut introduit par les [[Saxons]] entre [[613]] and [[1017]], un hundred avait une taille suffisante pour nourrir environ 100 familles, avec, à leur tête, un ''hundred-man'' ou ''hundred eolder''. Cet homme était chargé de l'administration, de la justice, de la levée de troupes et de leur commandement. La charge n'était pas héréditaire, mais, dès les environs du {{Xe siècle}}, elle n'était plus confiée qu'à certaines familles. On divisa également les Hundreds. Les plus vastes ou les plus peuplés furent scindés en ''divisions'' (ou, en [[Sussex]], en ''demi-hundreds''). Tous les hundreds étaient divisés en [[tithing]]s qui contenaient dix [[foyer]]s. Plus petite, l'unité de base était le [[hide]], la quantité de terre nécessaire pour assurer la subsistance d'une famille, soit de 6 à 12 ha, selon la qualité et la fertilité de la terre. Au niveau dessus du hide est le shire, sous contrôle d'un ''shire-reeve'', mot qui devient sheriff. Les limites d'un hundred ne suivaient pas forcément celles d'une paroisse ou d'un comté, même si elles le faisaient souvent. Un hundred pouvait aussi être divisé entre deux comtés et une paroisses pouvait être répartie en plusieurs hundreds. <!-- The system of hundreds was not as stable as the system of counties being established at the time, and lists frequently differ on how many hundreds a county has. The [[Domesday Book]] contained a radically different set of hundreds than that which would later become established, in many parts of the country. The number of hundreds in each county varied wildly. [[Leicestershire]] had six (up from four at Domesday), whereas [[Devon]], nearly three times larger, had thirty-two. Over time, the principal functions of the hundred became the administration of law and the keeping of the peace. By the [[twelfth century]] the hundred court was held twelve times a year. This was later increased to being held fortnightly, although an ordinance of 1234 reduced the frequency to once every three weeks. In some hundreds, courts were held at a fixed place; while in others, courts moved with each sitting to a different location. The main duties of the hundred court were the maintenance of the [[frankpledge]] system. Where the hundred was under the jurisdiction of the crown, the chief magistrate was a sheriff. However, many hundreds were in private hands, with the lordship of the hundred being attached to the principal [[Lord of the Manor|manor]] of the area and becoming hereditary. Where a hundred was under a lord, a [[Steward (office)|steward]] was appointed in place of a sheriff.<ref>[http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Hundred ''Hundred'' in 1911 ''Encyclopedia Britannica'', accessed October 9, 2007]</ref> The importance of the hundred courts declined from the [[seventeenth century]], and most of the powers were extinguished with the establishment of [[county court]]s in 1867.<ref>County Courts Act 1867 (30 & 31 Vict. c. 142) s.28</ref> The remaining duty of the inhabitants of a hundred to make good damages caused by [[riot]] was ended in 1886, when the cost was transferred to the county police rate.<ref>Riot (Damages) Act 1886 (49 & 50 Vict. c. 38), s.2</ref> Although hundreds had no administrative or legal role after this date, they have never been formally abolished. Groupings of hundreds were used to define [[county constituency|parliamentary constituencies]] from 1832 to 1885. On the redistribution of seats in 1885 a different county subdivision, the [[petty sessions|petty sessional division]] was used. By the [[19th century]] several different single-purpose subdivisions of counties, such as [[poor law union]]s, [[sanitary district]]s, and [[highway district]]s sprang up, filling the administrative role previously played by hundreds. Several ancient hundred names give their name to modern [[Districts of England|local government districts]]. ===The Chiltern Hundreds=== The [[Chiltern Hundreds]] are notable as a [[legal fiction]], owing to a quirk of British Parliamentary law. A [[List of Stewards of the Chiltern Hundreds|Crown Steward]] was appointed to maintain law and order in the area, but the position's duties ceased to be required in the [[16th century]], and the holder ceased to gain any benefits during the [[17th century]]. The position has since been used as a procedural device to allow [[resignation from the House of Commons]]. ===Other terms=== A '''wapentake''' is a term derived from the [[Old Norse]] ''vápnatak'' [http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1O27:wapentake/wapentake.html?refid=ip_hf], the rough equivalent of an [[Anglo-Saxons|Anglo-Saxon]] hundred. The word denotes an administrative meeting place, typically a crossroads or a ford in a river. The origin of the word is not known. [[Folk etymology]] has it that voting would be denoted or conducted by the show of [[weapon]]s, an idea perhaps suggested by references in ''The Germania'' of [[Tacitus]] or current practice in the [[Switzerland|Swiss]] canton of [[Appenzell Innerrhoden]]. According to other authorities<ref>''The Complete Sagas of Icelanders, Vol V'' Leifur Eiríksson Publishing</ref> weapons were not flourished at a Norse þing and "weapon taking" or ''vopnatak'' was the end of an assembly, when one was allowed to take weapons up again, providing another possible origin of the wapentake. The [[Danelaw]] counties of [[Yorkshire]], [[Derbyshire]], [[Leicestershire]], [[Northamptonshire]], [[Nottinghamshire]], [[Rutland]] and [[Lincolnshire]] were divided into wapentakes, just as most of the remainder of [[England]] was divided into hundreds. In Yorkshire, a Norse wapentake usually replaced several Anglo-Saxon hundreds. This process was complete by 1086 in the North and West [[Riding (division)|Riding]]s, but continued in the East Riding until the mid 12th century. In some counties, such as Leicestershire, the wapentakes recorded at the time of the [[Domesday Book]] evolved into hundreds later on. In others, such as [[Lincolnshire]], the term remained in use. The term [[Ward (politics)|ward]] was used in a similar manner in the four northern counties of [[Cumberland]], [[County Durham|Durham]], [[Northumberland]] and [[Westmorland]]. [[Lathe (county subdivision)|Lathe]]s in [[Kent]] and [[Rape (county subdivision)|rapes]] in [[Sussex]] consisted of several hundreds, and filled some roles usually associated with hundreds. In Wales the hundred replaced traditional units such as the [[cantref]] (or cantred) or commote. Irish counties were divided into baronies. ==Scandinavia== [[Image:Administrative division of denmark in medieval times.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Map of medieval Denmark, showing ''herreder'' and ''[[syssel|sysler]]''. Note that Zealand's four ecclesiastic sysler are not included.]] <!-- The term ''hundare'' ''(hundred)'' was used in [[Svealand]] (the core region of early [[Sweden]]) and present-day [[Finland]]. Eventually that division was superseded by introducing the ''härad'' or ''Herred'', which was the name in the rest of Scandinavia. This word was either derived from [[Proto-Germanic]] *''harja-raiðō'' (warband) or [[Proto-Norse]] *''harja-raiða'' (war equipment, cf. ''Wapentake)''[http://runeberg.org/svetym/0347.html]. Hundreds were not organized in [[Norrland]], the northern sparsely populated part of [[Sweden]]. Today the hundreds serve no administrative role in Sweden. It is not entirely clear when hundreds were organised in the western part of Finland. The name of the province of [[Satakunta]], roughly meaning ''hundred'', hints at influences from the times before the [[Northern Crusades]], [[Christianization]], and incorporation into Sweden. ==United States== Counties in [[Delaware]], [[New Jersey]] and [[Pennsylvania]] were divided into hundreds in the [[seventeenth century]], in imitation of the British system. They survive in Delaware (see [[List of Delaware Counties and Hundreds]]), and were used as tax reporting and [[Constituency|voting district]]s until the [[1960s]], but now serve no administrative role, their only current official legal use being in real-estate title descriptions.[http://www2.lib.udel.edu/subj/genealogy/resguide/hund.htm] The hundred was also used as a division of the county in [[Maryland]]. [[Carroll County, Maryland]], was composed in [[1836]] by taking the following hundreds from [[Baltimore County, Maryland|Baltimore County]]: North Hundred, Pipe Creek Hundred, Delaware Upper Hundred, Delaware Lower Hundred and from [[Frederick County, Maryland|Frederick County]]: Pipe Creek Hundred, Westminster Hundred, Unity Hundred, Burnt House Hundred, Piney Creek Hundred, and Taneytown Hundred. Some plantations in early colonial [[Virginia]] used the term hundred in their names, such as [[Martin's Hundred]], and Flowerdew Hundred.--> ==Australie== Dans les comtés du sud de l'[[ Australie]] les titres de propriété mentionnent toujours dans quel hundred est située une parcelle de terre. Cela dit, on n'utilise guère ces notions cadastrales quand on parle de district, et les gens ne les connaissent guère. Le comté de Cumberland , en Nouvelles Galles du Sud, ([[Sydney]]) était aussi divisé en hundreds au XIXème siècle, mais ces divisions y ont été abolies. Un hundred mesure normalement, selon la tradition, 100 milles-carrés. <ref>[http://www.atlas.sa.gov.au/go/resources/atlas-of-south-australia-1986/the-course-of-settlement/land-survey-and-disposal Atlas of South Australia | Land Survey and Disposal<!-- Titre généré automatiquement -->]</ref> ==Voir aussi== <!-- *[[List of hundreds of England and Wales]] *[[Hundred Rolls]] *[[List of hundreds of Sweden]] *[[Moot Hall|Moot Mound]] The meeting place of an Anglo-Saxon Hundred. *[[Attundaland]] *[[Chiltern Hundreds]] *[[Fjärdhundraland]] *[[Leidang]] --> *[[Roslagen]] <!-- *[[Tiundaland]] *[[Traditional administrative systems]] --> *[[Système d'unités]] *[[Cantref]] <!-- *[[Henry de Bracton]] {{Types of administrative country subdivision}} --> ==Notes== <references/> {{DEFAULTSORT:Hundred}} [[Catégorie:division administrative]] [[Catégorie:Subdivision de l'Angleterre]] [[da:Herred]] [[de:Harde]] [[en:Hundred (administrative division)]] [[fi:Kihlakunta]] [[hr:Härad]] [[it:Centena]] [[nl:Herred]] [[nn:Herad]] [[no:Herred]] [[ru:Сотня (административная единица)]] [[sv:Härad]]