Judaïsme libéral 382337 29336201 2008-05-07T08:36:51Z Babinsky 378693 /* Liens et documents externes */ {{Courants du judaïsme}} Le '''judaïsme libéral''' est l'un des courants héritiers du [[judaïsme progressiste]] apparu en [[Allemagne]] avec les [[siècle des Lumières|Lumières]]. En réalité, « '''judaïsme libéral''' » est un terme utilisé par certaines communautés, notamment en France, en Angleterre et aux Pays-Bas, pour désigner ce qui est connu par d'autres comme le « '''[[judaïsme réformé]]''' » ou le « '''[[judaïsme progressiste]]'''. » Cette distinction est légèrement moins pertinente en France qu'en Angleterre où le [[Movement for Reform Judaism]] est plus proche de la philosophie du [[judaïsme conservative]] que de son homonyme américain. == Le judaïsme libéral en France == Le « judaïsme libéral », arrivé en [[France]] au début du {{XXe siècle}} par la création en 1907 de l'U.L.I. devenue par la suite l'U.L.I.F. ([[Union libérale israélite de France]]) plus généralement connue sous l'appellation [http://www.ulif.com "Copernic"], y a connu des débuts discrets, comme tous les courants qui n’étaient pas déjà représentés dans le Consistoire israélite de France. Ces trente dernières années, le nombre de ses communautés s’est multiplié et il est préférable de dire aujourd'hui qu'il existe en France des mouvements libéraux plutôt qu'un mouvement libéral. En effet, les principes et les usages, s'ils sont généralement communs à ces mouvements, peuvent parfois être bien divergents sur certains points considérés dès lors comme fondamentaux (rôle des [[femme rabbin|femmes dans la synagogue et leur accès aux fonctions du culte]], etc.) == Le judaïsme libéral au Royaume Uni == <!--As well as the general sense above, the term "Liberal Judaism" has a particular significance in the UK. For historical reasons in the UK, 'Liberal Judaism' exists as a separate identity from the United Kingdom's [[Movement for Reform Judaism]]. The Movement for Reform Judaism is associated with communities which are typically somewhat more conservative than most Reform communities in the United States; whereas the spirit of most Liberal communities in the UK is very close to what would be called Reform in the United States. The Liberal movement in the UK was founded in the early part of the 20th century by [[Lily Montagu]], [[Claude Montefiore]] and others. It began initially in 1902 with a supplementary prayer meeting, an adjunct to the then Orthodox and Reform synagogues, with the intention that the use of more English in services, men and women sitting freely together, the use of organ music, and a more inclusive form of worship could prove attractive to members of British Jewry who felt uninvolved or out of sympathy with existing very traditionalist patterns of worship. But the sense of sincerity and radicalism of the Liberal movement rapidly gained adherents and established a new identity, leading to the founding of the Liberal Jewish synagogue in 1911, the first of now more than thirty Liberal congregations in the UK. To quote the LJS website, "Liberal Judaism values tradition, but truth even more. It combines respect for our Jewish heritage with positive acceptance of modern knowledge and due regard for the realities of the world in which we live". And it stresses "the full equality and participation of men and women in every sphere of religious life; an emphasis on ethical conduct above ritual observance; an affirmation of each individual's freedom to act responsibly in accordance with the dictates of the informed religious conscience; a pride in combining our Jewish heritage with full participation in the civic life of this country; and an awareness of our duty not only to the Jewish people and to the State of Israel, but also to the entire human family, each one of whom is created in the Divine image". The British scholar [[Daniel Langton]]'s study of the spiritual founder of the Liberal Synagogue, Claude Montefiore, has caused recent debate. In his account of the origins of the movement, Langton claims that the aspirations of Montefiore have not been realised: Montefiore's passionate anti-[[Zionism]] was soon marginalised and his declared aim to amalgamate "the best of Judaism and Christianity" led him to propound an unpopular view of [[Jesus]] and [[Paul of Tarsus]] as religious authorities of real interest to modern Jews. This did not go undisputed, and met with strong criticism in the [[Jewish Chronicle]] from the Liberal Jewish Synagogue, which sees itself as continuing on foursquare Montefiore's insistence on the best of modern scholarship, inclusiveness, intellectual honesty, and an overriding ethics-led view of what it means to be Jewish. LJS rabbis have also been notably prepared to criticise Israeli policy and some Israeli/Zionist attitudes, whenever they have felt them to be falling short of the particular ethical standards to be expected of Jews. The distinction in the UK between the terms "Reform" and "Liberal" arose because in the early 1900s in the UK, 'Reform Judaism' meant the [[West London Synagogue]], which was not connected with German or American Reform, and in modern terms strongly conservative. Since the 1930s, Reform Judaism in the UK has become much more like Reform in the United States; while Orthodoxy has grown steadily more and more rigid. Liberalism and Reform have therefore increasingly become twin halves of Progressive Judaism in the UK. Since 1964 both have together co-sponsored the training of rabbis at [[Leo Baeck College]] in London; and rabbis move freely from Reform to Liberal congregations and vice-versa. In recent years there has also been a move towards more tradition in Liberal services than a generation earlier - eg more use of Hebrew, more wearing of ''[[tallit]]'' and ''[[kippah|kippot]]'', more enjoyment of ''[[Purim]]'' and other traditional minor festivals. But Liberal Judaism is still in some ways distinctly more 'liberal' than Reform, for example more readily [[who is a Jew|recognising as Jewish]] without conversion the child of Jewish father and a non-Jewish mother [http://www.liberaljudaism.org/lj_wherewestand_liberaljudaism.htm]; or in Liberal Judaism's readiness to celebrate homosexual partnerships in synagogue with more of the traditional symbolism associated with Jewish weddings [http://www.liberaljudaism.org/news_lliturgy.htm]. === Organisations === The official umbrella organisation of Liberal Judaism in the UK was founded as the ''Jewish Religious Union'' in [[1902]], was renamed the ''[[Union of Liberal and Progressive Synagogues]]'' in [[1944]], and officially renamed itself ''Liberal Judaism'' in [[2003]]. [[LJY-Netzer]] is the youth movement of Liberal Judaism, a progressive [[Zionist youth movement]], and a branch (or ''snif'') of [[Netzer Olami]]. ==External links== *[http://www.liberaljudaism.org/ Liberal Judaism] (UK) *[http://www.somethingjewish.co.uk/articles/221_the_history_of_the_l.htm History of the Liberal movement] (UK) *[http://wupj.org/home/index.html World Union for Progressive Judaism] --> === Bibliographie === * "'''Anthologie du Judaïsme Libéral''' - 70 textes fondamentaux, (Rabbin Daniel Farhi et Pierre Haïat) éd. Parole et Silence, 2007 ISBN 9782845735866 * '''" Au dernier survivant - Sermons sur la Shoah",''' (Rabbin Daniel Farhi, préface de Maître Serge Klarsfeld), éd Biblieurope,2000, ISBN 2911398610 * '''"Le judaïsme libéral'''", [[Pauline Bebe]], éd. Jacques Grancher,1993 ISBN 27339044167 * '''"Un Judaïsme dans le siècle'''",'''''' [[Rabbin]] [[Daniel Farhi]] et [[Francis Lentschner]], éd. Berg International,1997 ISBN 2911289129 * '''"Response to Modernity - A History of the Reform Movement in Judaism"''' (Michael A. Meyer), Wayne State University Press, 1988 ISBN 0-8143-2555-6 * '''"Redefining Judaism in an Age of Emancipation - Comparative Perspectives on Samuel Holdheim (1806-1860)"''' (édité par Christian Wiese), éd. Brill, Leiden-Boston, 2007, ISBN 10900415265 2 == Notes et références de l'article == <references/> == Voir aussi == === Articles connexes === * [[Union libérale israélite de France]] * [[Mouvement juif libéral de France]] * [[Gabriel Farhi]] * [[Daniel Farhi]] * [[Pauline Bebe]] === Liens et documents externes === * [http://www.cjl-paris.org/ Communauté Juive Libérale Ile-de-France] * [http://www.kehilatgesher.org/ Communauté Juive Franco-Anglophone de Paris] * [http://www.ujls.org/ Union Juive Libérale de Strasbourg] * [http://ajtm.over-blog.com/ Alliance pour un Judaïsme Traditionnel et Moderne] * [http://www.ujl-lyon.com/ Union juive libérale de Lyon] * [http://www.cjl-britshalom.org/ Communauté Juive Libérale de Lyon Brit Shalom] * [http://www.beth-hillel.org/ Synagogue Beth Hillel de Bruxelles] [[Catégorie:Courant du judaïsme]] [[en:liberal Judaism]] [[nl:Liberaal jodendom]]