Ki Tavo 1913020 30766048 2008-06-18T17:30:31Z RigOLuche 157294 /* Résumé */ '''Ki Tavo''' ou '''Ki Savo''' selon la prononciation [[ashkénaze]] (כי תבוא — [[Hébreu|héb]] pour “lorsque tu entreras,” les [[incipit|premiers mots]] de la [[parasha]]) est la 50ème [[Parasha de la semaine|section hebdomadaire]] du cycle annuel de [[lecture de la Torah]] et la septième du [[Livre du Deutéronome]]. Elle correspond à [[Deutéronome]] [http://www.sefarim.fr/?Library=Pentateuque&Book=Deutéronome&Chapter=26&Verse=1 26:1-29:8.] Les [[Diaspora juive|Juifs de la Diaspora]] la lisent généralement en septembre. ==Résumé== [[Moïse]] prescrit aux [[enfants d'Israël]] de présenter, une fois rentrés en [[terre d'Israël|terre promise]], les prémices de leurs récoltes une fois par an, et de faire une déclaration qui résume l'histoire du peuple, depuis l'exil de Jacob chez Lavan (''Arami obed avi'', un [[Araméens|Araméen]] chassa mon père<ref>Et non « Un Araméen errant fut mon père », cf. [[Abraham ibn Ezra|ibn Ezra]] ''ad loc''.</ref>) jusqu'à ce jour où ils s'apprêtent à traverser le [[Jourdain]]. Dès leur arrivée, ils doivent dresser au point de passage du Jourdain des stèles portant le texte de la [[Torah]] et y amener des offrandes sur un autel de pierre non taillée. Une partie des tribus devra ensuite monter sur le [[mont Ebal]], l'autre sur le [[mont Garizim]] afin d'y proclamer les malédictions qu'ils appellent sur eux-mêmes en cas de non-respect de la Torah, et les bénédictions dont ils bénéficieront lorsqu'ils obéissent à Dieu<ref>D'après [[Léon Askénazi]], ''Leçons sur la Torah'', éd. Albin Michel, 2007, Coll Spiritualités vivantes, ISBN 978-2-226-17826-8</ref>. === Divisions de la parasha lors de la lecture complète === La lecture de la parasha à la [[synagogue]] le sabbath est traditionnellement divisée en sept sections, pour lesquelles un membre différent de la congrégation est appelé à lire. La première lecture, le ''rishon'', échoit traditionnellement à un [[cohen (judaïsme)|''cohen'']], la seconde, appelée ''sheni'', à un [[lévite|''levi'']], les suivantes à un ''israël'' (ni cohen ni levi). La septième section comporte une sous-section, le ''maftir'', qui est lu par la personne qui lira ensuite la ''haftara''. Les sections de la parashat Ki Tavo sont: * ''rishon'': * ''sheni'': * ''shlishi'': * ''revi'i'': * ''hamishi'': * ''shishi'': * ''shevi'i'': ** ''maftir'': === Divisions de la parasha lors de la lecture abrégée === Une lecture publique de la parasha fut instaurée par [[Ezra|Ezra le Scribe]] le lundi et le jeudi<ref>[[Talmud de Babylone|T.B.]] [[Baba Kama]] 82a</ref> à la [[synagogue]]. Cette lecture, sensiblement plus courte, ne comprend que trois sections, la première réservée au [[cohen (judaïsme)|''cohen'']], la seconde au [[lévite|''levi'']], la troisième à un ''israël'' * Section du ''cohen'': Devarim <ref name="Rinat">[[Siddour]] [[Rinat Israël]], p.448-9, éd. Moreshet, [[Jérusalem]], 1983</ref> * Section du ''levi'': Devarim <ref name="Rinat"/> * Section de l'''israël'': Devarim <ref name="Rinat"/> === Maqam === Un ''[[maqam]]'' est un système de [[Mode (musique)|modes musicaux]] utilisé dans la [[musique arabe|musique arabe mélodique classique]]. Les [[juifs]] originaires des pays orientaux ([[Afrique du Nord]], [[Syrie]]) s'en sont inspirés, et adaptent la mélodie de la liturgie du Shabbat en fonction du contenu de la parasha de cette semaine. Ils emploient 10 ''[[maqam]]'' différents, possédant chacun son usage propre. Le maqam utilisé lors du sabbath au cours duquel on lit la parashat Ki Tavo est le Maqam Sigah, pour marquer la lecture de la Torah qui devra se faire une fois le Jourdain traversé<ref>[http://www.pizmonim.org/ Sephardic Pizmonim Project]</ref>. == Rishon ==<!-- [[Image:Fanciullo con canestro di frutta (Caravaggio).jpg||thumb|right|350px|Boy with a Basket of Fruit (painting by [[Caravaggio]])]] ==Summary== ===First fruits=== [[Moses]] directed the [[Israelite]]s that when they entered the [[Land of Israel|land]] that [[Names of God in Judaism|God]] was [[Gift|giving]] them, they were to take some of every first [[fruit]] of the [[soil]] that they [[harvest]]ed, put it in a [[basket]], and take it to [[Temple in Jerusalem|the place where God would choose to establish God’s name]]. ({{Bibleverse||Deut.|26:1–2.|HE}}) There they were to go to the [[Kohen|priest]] in charge and acknowledge that they had entered the land that God swore to their [[Patriarchs (Bible)|fathers]]. ({{Bibleverse||Deut.|26:3.|HE}}) The priest was to set the basket down in front of the [[altar]]. ({{Bibleverse||Deut.|26:4.|HE}}) They were then to recite: “A wandering [[Arameans|Aramean]] was my father, and he went down into [[Ancient Egypt|Egypt]], and sojourned there, few in number; and he became there a [[nation]], great, mighty, and populous. And the Egyptians dealt ill with us, and afflicted us, and laid upon us hard [[bondage]]. And we cried to the Lord, the God of our fathers, and the Lord heard our [[Human voice|voice]], and saw our affliction, and our toil, and our oppression. And the Lord [[The Exodus|brought us forth out of Egypt]] with a mighty hand, and with an outstretched arm, and with great terribleness, and with signs, and with wonders. And He has brought us into this place, and has given us this land, a land flowing with [[milk]] and honey. And now, behold, I have brought the first of the fruit of the land, that You, O Lord, have given me.” ({{Bibleverse||Deut.|26:5–10.|HE}}) They were to leave the basket before the altar, [[Bowing (social)|bow]] low to God, and then feast on and [[Happiness|enjoy]], together with the [[Levite]] and the stranger, the bounty that God had given them. ({{Bibleverse||Deut.|26:10–11.|HE}}) ===Tithes=== When they had given the [[Tithe|the tenth part]] of their yield to the Levite, the stranger, the fatherless, and the [[widow]], in the third year, the year of the tithe, they were to declare before God: “'I have put away the hallowed things out of my house, and also have given them to the Levite, the stranger, the fatherless, and the widow, according to Your commandment that You have commanded me; I have not transgressed any of Your commandments, neither have I forgotten them. I have not [[Eating|eaten]] thereof in my [[mourning]], neither have I put away thereof, being unclean, nor given thereof for [[the dead]]; I have hearkened to the voice of the Lord my God, I have done according to all that You have commanded me. Look from Your holy habitation, from heaven, and bless Your people Israel, and the land that You have given us, as You swore to our fathers, a land flowing with milk and honey.” ({{Bibleverse||Deut.|26:12–15.|HE}}) [[Image:Code-de-Hammurabi-1.jpg|thumb|right|175px|a large stone inscribed with the law code of [[Hammurabi]]]] ===Observing the law=== Moses exhorted the Israelites to observe these [[law]]s faithfully with all their [[Heart (symbol)|heart]] and [[soul]], noting that they had affirmed that the Lord was their God, that they would [[Walking|walk]] in God’s ways, that they would observe Gods laws, and that they would [[Obedience|obey]] God. ({{Bibleverse||Deut.|26:16–17.|HE}}) And God affirmed that the Israelites were God’s treasured people, and that God would set them high above all the nations in fame and renown and glory, and that they would be a [[Holiness|holy]] people to God. ({{Bibleverse||Deut.|26:18–19.|HE}}) Moses and the elders charged the people that as soon as they had crossed the [[Jordan River]], they were to set up large [[Rock (geology)|stones]] on [[Mount Ebal]], coat them with [[plaster]], and inscribe on them all the words of the Torah most distinctly. ({{Bibleverse||Deut.|27:1–4.|HE}}) There they were also to build an altar to God made of unhewn stones on which no [[iron]] [[tool]] had struck, and they were to offer on it [[Korban|burnt offerings]] to God and offerings of well-being and rejoice. ({{Bibleverse||Deut.|27:5–7.|HE}}) Moses and the priests told all Israel to hear: They had become the people of God, and should heed God and observe God’s commandments. ({{Bibleverse||Deut.|27:9–10.|HE}}) ===Blessings and curses=== Moses charged the people that after they had crossed the Jordan, the [[tribe]]s of [[Tribe of Simeon|Simeon]], Levi, [[Tribe of Judah|Judah]], [[Tribe of Issachar|Issachar]], [[Tribe of Joseph|Joseph]], and [[Tribe of Benjamin|Benjamin]] were to stand on [[Mount Gerizim]] when the [[blessing]]s were [[Speech communication|spoken]], and the tribes of [[Tribe of Reuben|Reuben]], [[Tribe of Gad|Gad]], [[Tribe of Asher|Asher]], [[Tribe of Zebulun|Zebulun]], [[Tribe of Dan|Dan]], and [[Tribe of Naphtali|Naphthali]] were to stand on Mount Ebal when the [[curse]]s were spoken. ({{Bibleverse||Deut.|27:11–13.|HE}}) The Levites were then loudly to curse anyone who: made a [[sculpture]]d [[image]], [[insult]]ed father or mother, moved a fellow countryman’s landmark, misdirected a [[Blindness|blind]] person, subverted the [[right]]s of the stranger, the fatherless, or the widow, [[Human sexual behavior|lay]] with his father’s [[Marriage|wife]], lay with any [[beast]], lay with his [[Sibling|sister]], lay with his [[mother-in-law]], [[Battery (crime)|struck]] down his fellow countryman in secret, accepted a [[Bribery|bribe]] in the case of the murder of an innocent person, or otherwise would not observe the commandments; and for each curse all the people were to say, “[[Amen]].” ({{Bibleverse||Deut.|27:14–26.|HE}}) [[Image:NablusPanorama2.jpg|thumb|left|810px|<center>panorama showing Mount Gerizim on the left, Mount Ebal on the right, and modern [[Nablus]] (ancient [[Shechem]]) between</center> <small><center>(photographed by and copyright Uwe A; for licensing information, double-click on the picture)</small></center>]] On the other hand, if they obeyed God and observed faithfully all the commandments, then God would set them high above all the nations of the earth, bless them in the city and the [[Rural|country]], bless the issue of their [[Uterus|wombs]], the produce of their soil, and the fertility of their [[herd]]s and flocks, bless their basket and their [[kneading]] [[Bowl (vessel)|bowl]], bless them in their comings and goings, [[rout]] their enemies, bless them upon their [[barn]]s and all their undertakings, bless them in the land, establish them as God’s holy people, give them abounding prosperity, provide [[rain]] in season, and make them the head and not the tail. ({{Bibleverse||Deut.|28:1–14.|HE}}) But if they did not obey God and observe faithfully the commandments, then God would curse them in the city and the country, curse their basket and kneading bowl, curse the issue of their womb, the produce of their soil, and the fertility of their herds and flocks, curse them in their comings and goings, loose on them calamity, panic, and frustration in all their enterprises, make [[Infectious disease|pestilence]] cling to them, strike them with [[tuberculosis]], [[fever]], [[inflammation]], scorching [[heat]], [[drought]], [[blight]], and [[mildew]], turn the [[Sky|skies]] to [[copper]] and the earth to iron, make the rain into [[dust]], rout them before their enemies, strike them with the Egyptian inflammation, [[hemorrhoid]]s, boil-scars, [[itch]], [[Insanity|madness]], blindness, and dismay. ({{Bibleverse||Deut.|28:15–29.|HE}}) If they paid the [[bride price]] for a wife, another man would enjoy her; if they built a house, they would not live in it; if they planted a [[vineyard]], they would not harvest it. ({{Bibleverse||Deut.|28:30.|HE}}) [[Image:Francesco Hayez 017.jpg|left|thumb|325px|Destruction of the Temple of Jerusalem (painting by [[Francesco Hayez]])]] Their [[cattle|oxen]] would be slaughtered before their eyes, but they would not eat of it; their [[donkey|ass]] would be seized and not returned; their flock would be delivered to their enemies; their sons and daughters would be delivered to another people; a people they did not know would eat up the produce of their soil and all their gains; they would be abused and downtrodden continually, until they were driven mad; God would afflict them at the [[knee]]s and [[thigh]]s with a severe inflammation; God would drive them to an unknown nation where they would serve other gods, of [[wood]] and stone; and they would be a consternation, a [[proverb]], and a byword among all the peoples. ({{Bibleverse||Deut.|28:31–37.|HE}}) [[Locust]]s would consume their [[seed]], [[worm]]s would devour their vineyards, the [[olive]]s would drop off their olive trees, their sons and daughters would go into captivity, the [[Cricket (insect)|cricket]] would take over all the trees and produce of their land, the stranger in their midst would rise above them, the stranger would be their creditor, and the stranger would be the head and they the tail. ({{Bibleverse||Deut.|28:38–44.|HE}}) [[Image:William-Adolphe Bouguereau (1825-1905) - Thirst (1886).jpg|thumb|right|175px|Thirst (painting by [[William-Adolphe Bouguereau]])]] Because they would not serve God in joy over abundance, they would have to serve in hunger and thirst, [[Nudity|naked]] and lacking everything, the enemies whom God would let loose against them. ({{Bibleverse||Deut.|28:47–48.|HE}}) God would bring against them a ruthless nation from afar, whose [[language]] they would not understand, to devour their cattle and produce of their soil and to shut them up in their towns until every mighty wall in which they trusted had come down. ({{Bibleverse||Deut.|28:49–52.|HE}}) And when they were shut up under [[siege]], they would eat the flesh of their sons and daughters. ({{Bibleverse||Deut.|28:52–57.|HE}}) God would inflict extraordinary plagues and diseases on them until they would have a scant few left, for as God once delighted in making them prosperous and many, so would God delight in causing them to perish and diminish. ({{Bibleverse||Deut.|28:58–63.|HE}}) God would scatter them among all the peoples from one end of the earth to the other, but even among those nations they would find no place to rest. ({{Bibleverse||Deut.|28:64–65.|HE}}) In the morning they would say, “If only it were evening!” and in the evening they would say, “If only it were morning!” ({{Bibleverse||Deut.|28:67.|HE}}) God would send them back to Egypt in [[galley]]s and they would offer themselves for sale as [[Slavery|slaves]], but none would [[Trade|buy]]. ({{Bibleverse||Deut.|28:68.|HE}}) ===Exhortation to obedience=== Moses reminded the Israelites that they had seen all that God did to [[Pharaoh]] and Egypt, yet they did not yet [[Understanding|understand]]. ({{Bibleverse||Deut.|29:1–3.|HE}}) Moses led them through the [[wilderness]] 40 years, their [[Clothing|clothes]] and [[Sandal (footwear)|sandals]] did not wear out, and they survived without [[bread]] to eat and [[wine]] to [[Drinking|drink]] so that they might know that the Lord was their God. ({{Bibleverse||Deut.|29:4–5.|HE}}) They defeated [[Monarch|King]] [[Sihon]] of [[Heshbon]] and King [[Og]] of [[Bashan]], took their land, and gave it to the Reubenites, the Gadites, and the half-[[tribe of Manasseh]]. ({{Bibleverse||Deut.|29:6–7.|HE}}) Therefore Moses urged them to observe faithfully all the commandments, that they might succeed in all that they undertook. ({{Bibleverse||Deut.|29:8.|HE}}) ==In classical rabbinic interpretation== ===Deuteronomy chapter 26=== Tractate [[Bikkurim (Talmud)|Bikkurim]] in the [[Mishnah]], [[Tosefta]], and [[Jerusalem Talmud]] interpreted the laws of the first fruits in {{Bibleverse||Exodus|23:19,|HE}} {{Bibleverse||Numbers|18:13,|HE}} and {{Bibleverse||Deuteronomy|12:17–18|HE}} and [http://www.mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0526.htm 26:1–11.] (Mishnah Bikkurim 1:1–3:12; Tosefta Bikkurim 1:1–2:16; Jerusalem Talmud Bikkurim.) The Mishnah taught that to set aside first fruits, a landowner would go down into the field, see a fruit that ripened, tie a reed-rope around it, and say, “These are first fruits.” But [[Shimon bar Yochai|Rabbi Simeon]] said that even if the landowner did this, the landowner still had to designate the fruits as first fruits again after they had been picked. (Mishnah Bikkurim 3:1.) [[Image:Fruit Basket.jpg|250px|right|thumb|Fruit Basket (painting by Balthasar van der Ast)]] The inhabitants of the district assembled in a city of the district and spent the night in the town square. Early in the morning, their leader said: “Let us rise and go up to [[Zion]], to the house of the Lord our God.” (Mishnah Bikkurim 3:2.) Those who lived near Jerusalem brought fresh figs and grapes, and those who lived far away brought dried figs and raisins. Leading the pilgrimage procession was an ox with horns overlaid with gold wearing a crown of olive branches. The sounds of the flute announced the pilgrims’ coming until they neared Jerusalem, when they sent messengers ahead and arranged their first fruits for presentation. A delegation of the Temple’s leaders and treasurers came out to meet them, varying in relation to the procession. Jerusalem’s artisans would stand and greet them, saying: “People of such and such a place, we welcome you.” (Mishnah Bikkurim 3:3.) They played the flute until they reached the [[Temple Mount]]. On the Temple Mount, even [[Agrippa II|King Agrippa]] would carry the basket of first fruits on his shoulder and walk to the Temple Court. As the procession approached the Temple Court, Levites would sing the words of {{Bibleverse||Psalm|30:2:|HE}} “I will extol You, O Lord, for You have raised me up, and have not suffered my enemies to rejoice over me.” (Mishnah Bikkurim 3:4.) The pilgrims offered turtledoves that had been tied to the basket as burnt offerings. And they gave what they held in their hands to the priests. (Mishnah Bikkurim 3:5.) While the pilgrims still held the basket on their shoulders, they would recite {{Bibleverse||Deuteronomy|26:3-10.|HE}} Rabbi Judah said that they read only through {{Bibleverse||Deuteronomy|26:5,|HE}} “A wandering Aramean was my father.” When they reached these words, the pilgrims took the baskets off their shoulders and held them by their edges. The priests would put their hands beneath the baskets and wave them while the pilgrims recited from “A wandering Aramean was my father” through the end of the passage. The pilgrims would then deposit their baskets by the side of the altar, bow, and leave. (Mishnah Bikkurim 3:6.) ===Deuteronomy chapter 28=== A [[midrash]] expounded on why [[Israel]] was, in the words of {{Bibleverse||Jeremiah|11:16,|HE}} like “a leafy olive tree.” In one explanation, the midrash taught that just as oil floats to the top even after it has been mixed with every kind of liquid, so Israel, as long as it performs the will of God, will be set on high by God, as it says in {{Bibleverse||Deuteronomy|28:1.|HE}} ([[Exodus Rabbah]] 36:1.)--> ==Commandements== La [[Torah]] comporte, selon la tradition rabbinique, [[613 prescriptions]]. Différents sages ont tenté d'en établir un relevé dans le texte biblique. Selon deux de ces computs les plus célèbres, le [[Sefer Hamitzvot]] de [[Moïse Maïmonide]] et le [[Sefer HaHinoukh]], la parashat Ki Tavo comporte 3 [[Mitzvah|prescription]]s positives et 3 négatives: * Il est obligatoire de faire une déclaration solennelle lors de l'offrande des prémices ({{verset||Deut.|26:5.|HE}}) * Il faut déclarer solennelement devant Dieu, dans Son sanctuaire, que l'on a sorti de sa maison tous les prélèvements qu'Il a prescrits ({{verset||Deut.|26:13.|HE}}) * Il est interdit de consommer la seconde dîme en état d'impureté, même à [[Jérusalem]] ({{verset||Deut.|26:14.|HE}}) * Il est interdit de consommer la seconde dîme pendant son [[deuil dans le judaïsme|deuil]] ({{verset||Deut.|26:14.|HE}}) * Il est interdit de dépenser l'argent de rachat de la seconde dîme pour tout usage autre que la nourriture ou la boisson ({{verset||Deut.|26:14.|HE}}) * Il faut [[halakha|suivre les voies de Dieu]], c'est-à-dire la voie de la droiture et de la bonté avec nos semblales dans toute entreprise ({{verset||Deut.|28:9.|HE}}) <!--(Maimonides. ''[[Mishneh Torah]]'', [http://www.mechon-mamre.org/p/p0001.htm#8 Positive Commandments 8,] [http://www.mechon-mamre.org/p/p0001.htm#131 131,] [http://www.mechon-mamre.org/p/p0001.htm#132 132;] [http://www.mechon-mamre.org/p/p0002.htm#150 Negative Commandments 150,] [http://www.mechon-mamre.org/p/p0002.htm#151 151,] [http://www.mechon-mamre.org/p/p0002.htm#152 152.] [[Cairo]], Egypt, 1170–1180. Reprinted in Maimonides. ''The Commandments: Sefer Ha-Mitzvoth of Maimonides''. Translated by Charles B. Chavel, 1:11–12, 139–40; 2:141–43. London: Soncino Press, 1967. ISBN 0-900689-71-4. ''Sefer HaHinnuch: The Book of [Mitzvah] Education''. Translated by Charles Wengrov, 5:414–31. Jerusalem: Feldheim Pub., 1988. ISBN 0-87306-497-6.)--> [[Image:Isaiah-Michelangelo.jpg|thumb|right|60px|[[Isaïe]] (fresque de [[Michelangelo]])]] ==Haftara== La '''[[haftara]]''' est une portion des livres des [[Neviim]] ("Les Prophètes") qui est lue publiquement à la synagogue après la lecture de la Torah. Elle présente généralement un lien thématique avec la parasha qui l'a précédée. La [[haftara]] pour la parashat Shoftim est [[Livre d'Isaïe|Isaïe]] [http://www.mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt1060.htm 60:1–22.] Elle ne fait pas immédiatement référence à la parasha, mais à la consolation du peuple suite à la destruction des Temples. C'est la sixième des sept haftarot de consolation, aboutissant à [[Rosh Hashana]], le Nouvel An juif. <!--==Further reading== The parshah has parallels or is discussed in these sources: [[Image:Relief Esarhaddon Louvre AO20185.jpg|thumb|right|60px|Esarhaddon]] ===Ancient=== *[http://web.archive.org/web/20030816212418/www.bol.ucla.edu/~szuchman/Sources.htm Vassal treaties] of [[Esarhaddon]] ===Biblical=== *[[Leviticus]] [http://www.mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0326.htm#3 26:3–38] (blessings and curses). *[[Book of Joshua|Joshua]] [http://www.mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0624.htm#2 24:2–13] (recited history of Israel). *[[Books of Kings|2 Kings]] [http://www.mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt09b06.htm#25 6:25–30] (cannibalism). *[[Book of Isaiah|Isaiah]] [http://www.mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt1009.htm#19 9:19] (cannibalism). *[[Book of Jeremiah|Jeremiah]] [http://www.mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt1119.htm#9 19:9] (parents eating children). *[[Book of Ezekiel|Ezekiel]] [http://www.mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt1205.htm#10 5:10] (parents eating children); [http://www.mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt1206.htm#5 6:5] (unburied carcasses). *[[Book of Zechariah|Zechariah]] [http://www.mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt2311.htm#9 11:9] (cannibalism). *[[Psalms]] [http://www.mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt2601.htm 1:1–6] (blessings and curses). *[[Book of Lamentations|Lamentations]] [http://www.mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt3204.htm#10 4:10] (mothers eating children). *[[Book of Nehemiah|Nehemiah]] [http://www.mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt35b09.htm 9:5–37] (recited history of Israel). [[Image:Philon.jpg|thumb|right|60px|Philo]] ===Early nonrabbinic=== *[[Philo]]. [http://www.earlyjewishwritings.com/text/philo/book4.html ''Allegorical Interpretation''] 3:11:36, 35:107; [http://www.earlyjewishwritings.com/text/philo/book8.html ''On the Posterity of Cain and His Exile''] 8:24, 24:84, 29:99; [http://www.earlyjewishwritings.com/text/philo/book10.html ''On the Unchangableness of God''] 34:156; [http://www.earlyjewishwritings.com/text/philo/book17.html ''Who Is the Heir of Divine Things?''] 3:10, 15:76, 51:250; [http://www.earlyjewishwritings.com/text/philo/book19.html ''On Flight and Finding''] 22:123; [http://www.earlyjewishwritings.com/text/philo/book21.html ''On Dreams, That They Are God-Sent''] 1:34:193; 2:40:263, 41:272; [http://www.earlyjewishwritings.com/text/philo/book28.html ''The Special Laws''] 2:34–36; [http://www.earlyjewishwritings.com/text/philo/book31.html ''On the Virtues''] 8:47, 21:106; [http://www.earlyjewishwritings.com/text/philo/book32.html ''On Rewards and Punishments''] 21:127, 22:131; [http://www.earlyjewishwritings.com/text/philo/book36.html ''Flaccus''] 20:167. [[Alexandria]], Egypt, early 1st Century C.E. Reprinted in, e.g., ''The Works of Philo: Complete and Unabridged, New Updated Edition''. Translated by [[Charles Duke Yonge]], 54, 62, 134, 140–41, 171, 276, 282, 297, 332, 382, 407, 588–89, 644, 650, 676, 739. Peabody, Mass.: Hendrickson Pub., 1993. ISBN 0-943575-93-1. [[Image:Josephus.jpg|thumb|right|60px|Josephus]] *[[Josephus]]. ''[[The Wars of the Jews]]'', [[s:The_War_of_the_Jews/Book_VI#Chapter_3|6:3:3–5.]] Circa 75 C.E. Reprinted in, e.g., ''The Works of Josephus: Complete and Unabridged, New Updated Edition''. Translated by [[William Whiston]], 737–38. Peabody, Mass.: Hendrickson Pub., 1987. ISBN 0-913573-86-8. *[[Josephus]], ''[[Antiquities of the Jews]]'' [http://www.interhack.net/projects/library/antiquities-jews/b4c8.html 4:8:18, 22, 31, 44.] Circa 93–94. Reprinted in, e.g., ''The Works of Josephus: Complete and Unabridged, New Updated Edition''. Translated by [[William Whiston]], 118–19, 121, 124. Peabody, Mass.: Hendrickson Pub., 1987. ISBN 0-913573-86-8. ===Classical rabbinic=== *[[Mishnah]] Maasrot 1:1–5:8; Maaser Sheni 1:1–5:15; Bikkurim 1:1–3:12. Land of Israel, circa 200 C.E. Reprinted in, e.g., ''The Mishnah: A New Translation''. Translated by [[Jacob Neusner]]. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1988. ISBN 0-300-05022-4. *[[Sifre]] to Deuteronomy 297:1–303:11 Land of Israel, circa 250–350 C.E. Reprinted in, e.g., ''Sifre to Deuteronomy: An Analytical Translation''. Translated by Jacob Neusner, 2:269–285. Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1987. ISBN 1-55540-145-7. [[Image:Talmud-Berachoth.jpg|thumb|right|60px|Talmud]] *Babylonian [[Talmud]]: Berakhot 5a, 6a, 15b, 24a, 35b, 40a–b, 56a, 57a, 63b; Shabbat 25a, 55b, 138b; Eruvin 55b; Pesachim 24a, 36a–b, 49b, 70b, 109a, 116a; Yoma 5b, 13b, 52b, 74b; Sukkah 40b, 46b, 47b; Beitzah 35b; Rosh Hashanah 12b, 15a; Taanit 2a, 3b, 8b–9b; Megillah 10b–11a, 16b, 20b, 24b, 25b; Moed Katan 15b; Chagigah 3a, 4b, 7a, 12b, 18b; Yevamot 63b, 73a–74b, 103a; Nedarim 22a, 36b, 41a, 84b; Sotah 17a, 32a–33b, 36a, 37a–38a, 39b, 47a, 48a, 49a; Gittin 47b, 56a, 57b–58a, 81a; Kiddushin 2b, 26a, 66b; Bava Kamma 32b, 82a, 116b; Bava Metzia 11a–b, 52b, 90a, 96a, 107a; Bava Batra 25b, 26b–27a, 81a–82a, 89a, 136b; Sanhedrin 7a, 11b, 28b, 39b, 44a; Makkot 7b, 13b, 16b–17b, 18b–19b, 22b, 24a; Shevuot 35a, 36a, 39a; Avodah Zarah 5b, 19b, 52b, 55a; Horayot 12a; Zevachim 16a, 50a, 54b, 60b, 61b, 99b, 101a; Menachot 35b, 61a–b, 82a, 84b, 103b; Chullin 16a, 18a, 89a, 120b–21a, 131a–b, 136a; Bekhorot 41a; Arakhin 11a; Temurah 3b, 10a, 21a; Keritot 11a; Niddah 51b. Babylonia, 6th Century. Reprinted in, e.g., ''Talmud Bavli''. Edited by Yisroel Simcha Schorr, Chaim Malinowitz, and Mordechai Marcus, 72 vols. Brooklyn: Mesorah Pubs., 2006. ===Medieval=== *[[Deuteronomy Rabbah]] 7:1–7. Land of Israel, 9th Century. Reprinted in, e.g., ''Midrash Rabbah: Leviticus''. Translated by H. Freedman and Maurice Simon. London: Soncino Press, 1939. ISBN 0-900689-38-2. *[[Rashi]]. ''Commentary''. [http://www.chabad.org/library/article.asp?AID=9990&showrashi=true Deuteronomy 26–29.] [[Troyes]], France, late 11th Century. Reprinted in, e.g., Rashi. ''The Torah: With Rashi’s Commentary Translated, Annotated, and Elucidated''. Translated and annotated by Yisrael Isser Zvi Herczeg, 5:267–302. Brooklyn: Mesorah Publications, 1997. ISBN 0-89906-030-7. *[[Yehuda Halevi|Judah Halevi]]. ''[[Kuzari]]''. [[s:Kitab al Khazari/Part Two|2:55;]] [[s:Kitab al Khazari/Part Three|3:11.]] [[Toledo, Spain|Toledo]], Spain, 1130–1140. Reprinted in, e.g., Jehuda Halevi. ''Kuzari: An Argument for the Faith of Israel.'' Intro. by Henry Slonimsky, 116–17, 144, 148. New York: Schocken, 1964. ISBN 0-8052-0075-4. [[Image:Rambam.jpg|thumb|right|60px|Maimonides]] *[[Maimonides]]. ''[[Mishneh Torah]]'', [http://www.mechon-mamre.org/p/p0000.htm#26 Intro.:26.] [[Cairo]], Egypt, 1170–1180. ===Modern=== *[[Thomas Hobbes]]. ''[[Leviathan (book)|Leviathan]]'', [[s:Leviathan/The_Third_Part#Chapter_XLII:_Of_Power_Ecclesiastical|3:42.]] England, 1651. Reprint edited by [[C. B. Macpherson]], 547–48. Harmondsworth, England: Penguin Classics, 1982. ISBN 0140431950. *[[Thomas Mann]]. ''[[Joseph and His Brothers]]''. Translated by [[John E. Woods]], 788. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2005. ISBN 1-4000-4001-9. Originally published as ''Joseph und seine Brüder''. Stockholm: Bermann-Fischer Verlag, 1943. *[[Martin Buber]]. ''On the Bible: Eighteen studies'', 80–92, 122–30. New York: Schocken Books, 1968. --> == Notes et références == <references /> ==Liens externes== *[http://Bible.ort.org/books/torahd5.asp?action=displaypage&book=5&chapter=21&verse=10&portion=50 Écouter la parasha chantée] selon la [[cantillation]] traditionnelle (nécessite RealPlayer) * Commentaires (Divrei Torah) en français ** [http://www.rabbinat.qc.ca/ le site du Grand Rabbinat du Québec] ** [http://www.modia.org le site modia.org] ** [http://www.chiourim.com le site chiourim.com (voir aussi le site techouvot y associé)] ** [http://www.cheela.org le site cheela.org] ** [http://www.akadem.org/sommaire/series/module_2706.php Commentaire vidéo sur '''Akadem'''] * [[:en:Ki Tavo#External links|Divrei Torah en anglais]] {{Section hebdomadaire de la Torah}} [[Catégorie:Section hebdomadaire de la Torah|5.07]] [[en:Ki Tavo]] [[he:פרשת כי תבוא]]