Lactaire
365337
24197524
2007-12-22T16:06:29Z
Jean-Pol GRANDMONT
11679
{{confusion|texte=Pour le [[genre (biologie)|genre]] de poisson, voir [[Lactarius (poisson)]]}}
{{Taxobox champignon | Lactaire | Lactarius vellereus JPG1.jpg | Lactarius vellereus }}
{{Taxobox division | Basidiomycota }}
{{Taxobox classe | Homobasidiomycetes }}
{{Taxobox sous-classe | Aphyllophoromycetidae }}
{{Taxobox ordre | Russulales}}
{{Taxobox famille | Russulaceae }}
{{Taxobox binomial champignon | Lactarius | [[Christiaan Hendrik Persoon|Pers.]], 1797 }}
{{Taxobox fin}}
Les champignons du genre '''lactaire''' ('''''Lactarius''''') sont des [[Basidiomycètes]] de la famille des [[russulaceae]] présentant des [[carpophore]]s fragiles ayant la particularité d’exsuder un lait plus ou moins abondant ([[Latex (botanique)|latex]]) lorsqu’ils sont blessés ou coupés. Leur chair est cassante et les lames sont plus ou moins décurrentes (lames qui se prolongent sur le [[stipe]]).
On en compte près de 150 espèces en tout, dont:
*''[[Lactarius aurantiacus|aurantiacus]]'' (Lactaire orangé)
*''[[Lactarius acerrimus|acerrimus]]'' (Lactaire très âcre)
*''[[Lactarius blennius|blennius]]'' (Lactaire muqueux)
*''[[Lactarius chrysorrheus|chrysorrheus]]'' (Lactaire à lait jaune)
*''[[Lactarius deliciosus|deliciosus]]'' (Lactaire délicieux)
*''[[Lactarius deterrimus|deterrimus]]'' (Lactaire des épicéas)
*''[[Lactarius fuliginosus|fuliginosus]]'' (Lactaire fuligineux)
*''[[Lactarius glyciosmus|glyciosmus]]'' (Lactaire à odeur de coco)
*''[[Lactarius helvus|helvus]]'' (Lactaire chicorée)
*''[[Lactarius lignyotus|lignyotus]]'' (Lactaire couleur de suie)
*''[[Lactarius lilacinus|lilacinus]]'' (Lactaire lilacin)
*''[[Lactarius piperatus|piperatus]]'' (Lactaire poivré)
*''[[Lactarius pyrogalus|pyrogalus]]'' (Lactaire à lait brûlant)
*''[[Lactarius quietus|quietus]]'' (Lactaire tranquille)
*''[[Lactarius rufus|rufus]]'' (Lactaire roux)
*''[[Lactarius sanguifluus|sanguifluus]]'' (Lactaire sanguin)
*''[[Lactarius tabidus|tabidus]]''
*''[[Lactarius torminosus|torminosus]]'' (Lactaire à toison)
*''[[Lactarius turpis|turpis]]'' (Lactaire plombé)
*''[[Lactarius vellerius|vellerius]]''
*''[[Lactarius vietus|vietus]]''
<!--Fungi of the genus '''''Lactarius''''', sometimes called '''Milk-caps''', are characterized by the fact that they exude a milky fluid ('latex') if cut or damaged. Like the genus ''[[Russula]]'', with which they are grouped in the family ''[[Russulaceae]]'', their flesh has a distinctive brittle consistency.
Often the [[Gill (mushroom)|gills]] are decurrent (starting to run down the stem) and the cap is depressed or even funnel-shaped when older. The stem and cap sometimes show 'strobicules' (or 'strobiculi'), which are flat-based shallow oval pits.
To identify to which of the roughly 150 ''Lactarius'' species a given specimen belongs, it is generally important to note whether the cap is bald/greasy or velvety or hairy/shaggy at the rim, particularly in young individuals. Also the initial colour of the milk (white, cream, orange, violet, ...) and the final colour on drying are determining characteristics.-->
==Une sélection d'espèces européennes notoires==
===Groupe des ''Lactarius deliciosus'' (Section ''Dapetes'')===
[[Image:Lactarius deliciosus.jpg|thumb|110px|left|''Lactarius deliciosus'']]
[[Image:Lactarius deterrimus.jpg|thumb|110px|left|''Lactarius deterrimus'']]
[[Image:Lactarius salmonicolor.jpg|thumb|110px|left|''Lactarius salmonicolor'']]
<br clear="all">
<!--This group of mushrooms has orange or red milk and carrot-orange coloration, in many cases becoming flecked with green or blue-green with age. They are all generally considered to be edible, the appetizingly named ''Lactarius deliciosus'' reputedly being much better than the others. They grow in coniferous woods.
L. deliciosus is the only one with an English name: 'Saffron Milk-cap'. It is found under pine or spruce. L. deterrimus was formerly considered to be a variety of L. deliciosus and is distinguished by the milk turning wine-red on drying - but only after up to 30 minutes. L. salmonicolor is associated with spruce and remains a pure orange, unlike the other two which discolour green.-->
===''Lactarius necator'' Ugly Milk-cap===
[[Image:Lactarius plumbeus 041031w.jpg|120px|left]]
<!--''Lactarius necator'' (formerly ''L. plumbeus'', formerly ''L. turpis'') is sometimes known as the Ugly Milk-cap in English. It is associated with birch and also pine. The cap is 8-20cm in diameter and funnel-shaped with a depressed centre. The upper surface is smooth and olive-brown to black. At first it is rather viscid in the middle and velvety/shaggy at the rim with a yellower-green colour. The messy, dirty appearance, seen in the photograph, is characteristic of the species and gives it its English name and the original Latin name (''turpis''). It seems to collect debris on top and the gills acquire a dirty brownish staining due to discoloured milk. It also demonstrates another common phenomenon in mycology: the Latin names keep changing.-->
===''Lactarius chrysorrheus''===
[[Image:Lactarius chrysorreus 041113w.jpg|120px|right]]
<!--The milk of this mushroom emerges white but immediately changes to a deep yellow colour. The top of the cap is a pinkish red with concentric zoning on a background showing yellow tints. It is common under broad-leaved trees, especially oak. There are conflicting reports as to its edibility. -->
===''Lactarius decipiens''===
[[Image:Lactarius decipiens 031111w.jpg|120px|left]]
<!--This flesh-coloured Lactarius is closely related to L. chrysorrheus, and again the milk is initially white and turns yellow, but only after several seconds. To allow the milk to contact the air this is best tested on a paper tissue (a cloth handkerchief is liable to be permanently stained).-->
===''Lactarius torminosus''===
[[Image:Lactarius torminosus 041031w.jpg|120px|right]]
<!--L. torminosus has a hairy pink cap up to 12cm in diameter and its milk remains white. It grows in association with birch.-->
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==Références==
<!--*Partly from Dutch Wikipedia pages.
*Meinhard Moser, translated by Simon Plant: ''Keys to Agarics and Boleti'' (Roger Phillips 1983)
*Régis Courtecuisse, Bernard Duhem : ''Guide des champignons de France et d'Europe'' (Delachaux & Niestlé, 1994-2000). ISBN 2-603-00953-2
*Roger Phillips : ''Mushrooms and other fungi of Great Britain and Europe'' (Pan Books Ltd. 1981 / Book Club Associates 1981) - for the English names.-->
* [http://www.champignons-passion.be/lac_ph.htm Galerie du genre Lactarius]
* [http://users.skynet.be/hmp.productions/Champignons/lactaire.htm Les différentes espèces de lactaires]
* [http://www.mycodb.fr/search.php?groupe=Lactaires Clé de détermination informatique des lactaires]
[[Catégorie:Champignon (nom vernaculaire)]]
[[Catégorie:Russulacée]]
[[bg:Млечница (род)]]
[[de:Milchlinge]]
[[en:Lactarius]]
[[fi:Rouskut]]
[[it:Lactarius]]
[[ja:チチタケ属]]
[[lt:Piengrybis]]
[[nl:Melkzwam]]
[[no:Risker]]
[[pl:Mleczaj]]
[[ru:Млечник (род грибов)]]
[[tr:Lactarius]]
[[uk:Хрящ-молочник]]